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初中英语必考八大时态结构及用法详解 英语八大时态: 一般现在时 标志:动词原形 1. 表示经常性或习惯性动作,常与表频度的时间状语连用: She often speaks English. I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2. 表示现在的状态、特征、职业、能力、感觉等: He seems to feel a bit down today. He works as a driver. 3. 表示真理、客观存在、科学事实或用于格言警句中: Shanghai lies in the east of China. Columbus proved that the earth is round. Where there is a will, there is a way. 4. 表示现在瞬间的动作: Here comes the bus! 5. 表示将来 1) 表按规定、计划、安排将要发生的动作(仅限于某些表示“来、去、 动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的趋向动词),可以与表示未来的时间状语搭 配使用。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通状 况。如: The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon. How often does the shuttle bus run? 2) 在时间和条件状语从句中常使用一般现在时表示将来发生的事情: When Bill comes (不用 will come), ask him to wait for me. I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy. 2 一般过去时 标志:动词过去式 *闭音节:元音字母 a, e, i, o, u 如果发字母本来的音则称为开音节,否则称为 闭音节。 1. 表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去的时间状语 连用(e.g. yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when …, in the past 等)。如: Jim rang you just now. Liu Ying was in America last year. 2. 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,特别是 used to do 表达的句型,本 身表示的就是过去常常。如: When I was a kid, I often played football in the street. She used to visit her mother once a week. *注意区分 sb. used to do sth.(某人过去常常做某事,此处 to 是动词不定 式标志符号)和 sb. be used to sth./doing sth.(某人习惯于某物/做某事,此处 to 是介词)。 3. 代替一般现在时,表示一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。此用法 仅适用于少数动词(如 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等)及情态动词 could, would。如: I wondered if you could have a word with me. I hoped you could help me with my English. Would you mind my sitting here? 4. 虚拟语气中用一般过去时表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态。常用 句型有: It is time that sb. did sth. “某人该做某事了” would rather sb. did sth. “宁愿某人做某事” 3 一般将来时 标志:will / shall + 动词原形 1. 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,通常与表示将来的时间状语连用 (e.g. tomorrow, next week, in the future 等)。如: We shall have a lot of rain next month. My husband will come back in a few days. 2. 表示倾向性和习惯性: Fish will die without water. When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt. 3. 一般将来时的几种句式结构辨析: 1) will / shall + 动词原形 多用于表达主观愿望或必定会发生的事情(“将会如何”) *shall 作助动词时一般只用于第一人称 2) be going to + 动词原形 表示即将发生或打算要做的事: It is going to rain. We are going to have a meeting today. 3) be to + 动词原形 表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作: He is to visit Japan next year. We are to discuss the report on Monday. 4) be about to + 动词原形 表示即将发生的动作,意为“马上要做某事”,后面一般不跟时间状语, 如: The plane is about to start. Don’t worry. I am about to make a close examination on you. 4 现在进行时 标志:be + 动词的现在分词 1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作: She is writing a letter upstairs. Who are you waiting for? It is raining hard. 2. 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作(说话时动作未必正在进行): I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel. 3. 表示反复出现或习惯性的动作,往往包含说话者赞扬、责备、厌恶 等情绪,通常与 always, constantly, continually, forever 等频度副词连用。如: John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid. He is always thinking of others first. 4. 表示将来 1) 表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作,仅适用于部分趋向动词(如 go, come, leave, start, arrive 等)。如: Uncle Wang is coming. They're leaving for Beijing. 2) 在时间和条件状语从句中,现在进行时表示将来某时正在发生的事 情。如: Please drop in when you are passing my way. If he is still sleeping, don’t wake him up. 5 过去进行时 标志:was / were + 动词的现在分词 1. 表示过去某一时刻或一段时间正在进行的动作,过去进行时中常用 的时间状语有 the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year 等。如: I was having a talk with Lucy at that time. They were watching TV at home last night. 2. 表示过去反复出现或习惯性的动作,往往包含说话者赞扬、责备、 厌恶等情绪,通常与 always, constantly, continually, forever 等频度副词连用。 如: My brother was always losing his keys. 3. 表示按计划、安排过去某时刻将要发生的动作,仅适用于部分趋向 动词(如 go, come, leave, start, arrive 等)。如: He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon. 4. 过去进行时有一个主要用法就是描述一件事情发生的背景(一个长 动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生): Granny fell asleep when she was reading. It was raining when they left the station. 6 现在完成时 标志:have / has + 动词的过去分词 1. 表示一个过去发生并已完成的动作对现在产生影响或结果,强调的是 现在的状况(表示“已完成”)。如: He has left the city. (结果:他目前不在这个城市) Someone has broken the window. (结果:窗户破了) 2. 表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也可能还会继续持续下去(表 示“未完成”)。 I have been busy since last week. He has taught in our school for 30 years. I’ve finished half so far. 注意 瞬间动词通常是不能用现在完成时表持续性的,但其否定结构则可 以。如: She hasn’t seen you for ages. His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week. 3. 表示过去到现在为止反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态,常与表示频 度的副词 always, often, every day 等连用。如: I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company. 4. 在时间和条件状语从句中,现在完成时表示将来某时完成的动作。如: I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park. 5. 与现在完成时连用的常见词语 能与现在完成时连用的词语很多,just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently 等,但常见的有: 1) since 自从 I have been there many times since the war. We haven’t seen each other since last week. We have been friends ever since. 2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在过去/最近…中 I’ve been ill for the past three weeks. Great changes have take place in the last ten years. I have been here (for) the last/past month. 3) so far 到目前为止 We haven’t had any trouble so far. So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless. 4) up to/until now 到现在为止 Up to now he’s been quiet. Up to now, the work has been easy. I have heard nothing from him up till now. Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees. 5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 这是第一/二…次… It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here. It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public. It is the second time (that) I have met him today. 6) This is + 形容词最高级 + that … 这是最… This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 1) 现在完成时强调对现在的影响和结果,与现在有联系; 而一般过去时强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去,不涉及对现在的影响。 如: I have seen this film. (我已经看过了这部电影) I saw this film yesterday. (我是昨天看的这部电影) 2) 现在完成时常与模糊的时间状语连用(如 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always 等),或者干脆没有时间状语; 而一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用(如 yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February 等)。 3) 现在完成时表示持续时一般使用延续性动词(如 live, teach, work, know 等); 而一般过去时常使用瞬间动词(如 begin, buy, die, marry 等)。如: He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring. My grandfather bought the car five years ago. 7. 易错点辨析 1) 考生容易把一些瞬间动词用现在完成时表达,这是错误的。如: (×) He has died for two years. 他死了两年了。 (√) He has been dead for two years. (√) He died two years ago. (×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 电影开演十分钟了。 (√) The film has been on for 10 minutes. (√) The film began 10 minutes ago. (×) She has married for three years. 她结婚有三年了。 (√) She has been married for three years. (√) She married Mike three years ago. 2) 考生不懂如何区分 have been to 和 have gone to,尽管两者均可后接地 点,但 have been to 表示去过某地(现在已经回来了),have gone to 表示到 某地去了(现在还没回来)。如: She has been to Paris (three times). She has gone to Paris. 7 过去完成时 标志:had + 动词的过去分词 1. 表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状 态。如: By the end of last week he had finished the work. He had left when I arrived. 2. 表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。 如: We had not seen each other since I left Beijing. The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema. 3. 某些表意向的动词(如 intend, think, plan, expect, hope 等)的过去完 成时表示主语未曾实现的愿望、希望、打算。如: I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away. We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t. 4. (虚拟语气)在条件状体从句或 wish / would rather 等后面的从句中, 使用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的主观愿望。如: The party wouldn’t have been so perfect if you hadn’t come. I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day. 5. 过去完成时与一般过去时 1) 基本区别:过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发生的动作或 存在的状态,即过去完成时强调“过去的过去”,而一般过去时只表示以现在 时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在的状态。如: He studied there two years ago.他两年前在那儿学习(离现在两年) He said he had studied there two years before.他说他两年前在那儿学习过。 (离他说话时两年) 2) 特别注意:两个动作如果按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或者用 then, and, but 等连词连接时,多用一般过去时。如: When she saw the mouse, she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 8 过去将来时 标志:would + 动词原形 1. 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,一般用于主 句为过去时的宾语从句中。如: He said he would come here next Friday. I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 2. 表示过去的动作习惯或倾向: The old man would sit on a bench in the quite park for hours without doing anything. When I worked on that farm, I would get up at 5 am. 3. 用于虚拟语气中: If I were you, I would not do that. If he were here, he would show us how to do it. 4. 过去将来时的其他形式 1) was / were going to + 动词原形。如: He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. She said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station. 2) was / were to + 动词原形。如: The building was to be completed next month. Li Lei was to arrive soon. 3) was / were about to + 动词原形。如: We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly. He was about to have lunch when the bell rang. 查看更多

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