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主旨大意题解题指导(2016.06)主旨大意题是中考阅读理解的主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对段落大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。该题也是中考阅读中的重点和难点，这类题往往针对段落或短文的subject(主题)、mainidea(中心思想)、title(题目)或purpose(目的)来命题。因为词汇、句式、文化背景等原因，有相当一部分同学对文章的理解会出现一定偏差，从而不能很好地解答这类题目。这类题的解题关键是采用快速阅读法浏览全文，寻找文章的关键词或中心句。关键词即在文中频繁出现的词；中心句通常出现在文章的开头、结尾部分和各个段落的首尾。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主旨，解答此类题时，不妨把它作为最后一道来做。主旨大意题常见的提问方式有下列几种：1.What’sthetopicofthearticle?2.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?3.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?4.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?5.Whatisthebesttitle/headlineforthispassage?6.Thewriter’spurposeinwritingthisstoryis______.7.Inthepassagetheauthorwantstotell______.那么如何解这类题呢？下面，结合今年中考试题以及多年的教学经验，提供一些基本的方法来帮助大家。一、设问方式有哪些？大意类：1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?2.Themainideaofthepassageis_____.3.Thefirst/second/last...paragraphismainlyabout_____.标题类：1.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?2.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe_____.3.Thebestheadlineforthispassagecouldbe_____.目的型：1.Theauthorsmainpurposeisto_____.’2.Thepassageismeantto_____.3.Thepurposeofthisarticleisto_____.二、高分攻略看过来！每篇文章都有它的写作结构，如果我们能抓住文章的结构，找到文章的主题句，就能轻而易举地把握文章的中心大意，所以找准主题句，对于获取文章大意尤其重要。精品学习资料可选择pdf第1页，共9页-----------------------
1.寻找主题句一般来说，文章的主题句有以下几种位置：(1)atthebeginning(2)attheend(3)atthebeginningandattheend(4)inthemiddleofthepassage(5)nocleartopicsentence2.排除干扰项一般来说，干扰项有以下特点：(1)主观臆测，并非作者的观点(2)范围过大，过于笼统(3)范围过小，以偏概全(4)文中未提及，找不到出处三、考查类型及解题技巧有哪些？1.段落大意类【例1：内蒙古呼和浩特】Forjust$38,youcanhelponepersonsee;for$380,10peoplecansee;$1,300helpstrainadoctornewskills;andfor$13,000youcanprovideatrainingprogramforagroupofdoctorswhocanmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagain.Yourlovecanhelpthemopentheireyestotheworld.Thelastparagraphismainlyabout_____.A.howmuchatrainingprogramforagroupofdoctorscostsB.whyORBISneedsyourhelptocontinuetheirworkC.whocanmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagainD.whatyoucandotohelpblindpeopleopentheireyes【解析】D。段落举出几个例子，说明不同的金钱额度可以为盲人做到的事情。A和C选项分别是其中某一例子，不能概括全段。B选项的意思是ORBIS需要你的帮助，借此呼吁读者，故B选项不正确。【解题方法】提取关键词。关键词是在文章或段落中反复出现，甚至其它说明内容都为之服务的词语。段落中重复出现的词语有you,can,help(以及provide，在此表达意义相近)。找到关键词，我们就会发现，该段落的每一句话都站在读者“你”的角度，以“你能做某事来帮助盲人”为句子中心，呼吁读者做出自己的贡献。然后再综合四个选项，只有D选项包含了全部三个关键词。【例2：山东烟台卷】ThomasEdisonlituptheworldwithhisinventionoftheelectriclight.Withouthim,theworldmightstillbeinthedark.However,theelectriclightwasnothisonlyinvention.Healsoinventedthemotionpicturecameraandover1,200otherthings.Abouteverytwoweekshecreatedsomethingnew.ThomasEdisonwasbornin1847.Heattendedschoolforonlythreemonths.Hismothertaughthimathome,butThomaswasmostlyself-educated.Hestartedexperimentingatayoungage.精品学习资料可选择pdf第2页，共9页-----------------------
Whenhewas12yearsold,hegothisfirstjob.Hebecameanewsboyonatrain.Hedidexperimentsonthetraininhissparetime.Unluckily,hisfirstworkexperiencedidnotendwell.Theyfiredhimwhenheaccidentallysetfiretothefloorofthetrain.ThenEdisonworkedforfiveyearsasatelegraphoperator,buthecontinuedtospendmuchofhistimeinexperimentinghisfirstpatentin1868foravoterecorderrunbyelectricity.ThomasEdisonwastotallydeafinoneearandhardofhearingintheother,buthethoughtofhisdeafnessasablessinginmanyways.Itkeptconversationsshort,sothathecouldhavemoretimeforwork.Healwaysworked16outofevery24hours.Sometimeshiswifehadtoremindhimtosleepandeat.ThomasEdisondiedattheageof84.Heleftagreatmanyinventionsthatgreatlyimprovedthequalityoflifeallovertheworld.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Thefunctionoftheelectriclight.B.Edisonandhisexperiments.C.Theimportanceofinventions.D.ThewholelifeofEdison.【解析】D。此题考查文章的大意。综观文章结构，它不属于上面所说的任何一种。但细读文章能发现，每一段都有明确的时间：第2段ThomasEdisonwasbornin1847；第3段Whenhewas12yearsold,hegothisfirstjob；第5段ThomasEdisondiedattheageof84。由此可以看出本文讲的是爱迪生的人生经历，所以答案选D。其他三个选项都是片面的，犯了以偏概全的错误。A和C只在第一段中提到，而且没有指明是爱迪生的发明；B选项，只提出爱迪生和他的实验，没有包括文章的主要内容—爱迪生的人生经历。2.文章标题类【例3：山东德州】Greenisanimportantcolorinnature.Itis...Itis...Sometimes,theword“greenmeansyoung,freshandgrowing.Forexample...Inthe15th”century...Acenturylater...Bythe18thcentury...Someonewhoisgoodatgrowingplantsissaidtohaveagreenthumb(大拇指).Theexpression...Apersonwithagreenthumb...TheGreenRevolution(绿色革命)is⋯Greenisalsothecolorusedtodescribethepowerfulfeeling.Jealousy(嫉妒).Thegreeneyedmonster...Itis...It⋯Inmostplacesintheworld,agreenlightisasignal(信号)tomoveahead.Ineverydayspeech,agreenlightmeansapproval(赞成)tocontinuewithaproject.Whichwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.Green,thecolorofgrassandtreesB.Thestoriesaboutthecolor“green”C.Green,asignofapprovalD.Differentmeaningsof“green”【解析】D。这篇文章讲述了绿色的许多意义。第一段开头引出绿色的重要性，第二段到第四段分别说明绿色在不同语境不同环境的使用。A选项只说了绿色在自然界的意义；文章没有讲述绿色的故事，只提到了不同地方绿色代表的不同含义，B选项错误；C选项是最后一段的概括，以偏概全。【解题方法】跳读。跳读方法之一：看句子主语。在第一段中有三个主语，两个主语都精品学习资料可选择pdf第3页，共9页-----------------------
是代词It，很容易判断两个代词It指的是前文提到的Green，是进一步解释说明Green，属于细节内容。第三段第二句的主语Theexpression，用了定冠词，实际上也是指前文提到的内容。跳读方法之二：忽略举例词。第二段中forexample是举例说明的标志词，也就是说，后面的内容举例，用来解释补充前面的观点。在把握主旨大意时，可以适当忽略。以此类推，我们通过跳读，分析出每个段落的主题句。例如这篇文章中，段落的主题句是首句。综合段落大意，每段讲了绿色的不同意义，从而总结出文章的最佳题目。【例4：北京卷】Teenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeanstheywanttheirliveswell-planned.Tobeginbuildingstructure,teensneedloveandtrust.Theyneedtoknowtheirparentsaretheretogivethemneededloveandsupport(支持).Teenswanttobesurethatnothingcanpreventparentsfromshoulderingtheirresponsibilityforthem–nottheirgrowingmaturity(成熟),misbehavior,norangeratsomethingtheyhavedone.Teenswantparentstokeepcontrolwhileallowingthemtomakesomedecisions.Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremainclose.........Themostimportantthingstorememberare:talkwithyourteens,listentotheirworriesandoffersuggestionswhenneeded.Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.TrainingTeenstoBecomeResponsibleAdults.B.HelpingTeenstoBuildReasonableStructure.C.ImprovingtheRelationshipwithYourTeens.D.SteppingintoYourTeensSecretWorld.’【解析】B。观察文章结构，根据第一段中的Teenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeanstheywanttheirliveswell-planned可知，文章话题是关于well-plannedlife。根据第2段中的Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremainclose可知，下面讲的是一些方法；根据最后一段中的Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife可知，这句话是对以上内容的总结，所以，不难看出，这两句话是文章的主题句，所以答案选B。选项A的错误在于主观臆测，并非作者所表达的观点；C选项，范围过大，过于笼统；D选项，走进青少年的秘密世界，文中未提及。3.中心思想类【例5：四川宜宾卷】⋯orsomepeople,musicisnofunatall.About4%ofthepopulationiswhatscientistscall“amusic”Peoplewhoareamusicarebornwithouttheabilitytoenjoymusicalnotes.Amusic.peopleoftencannottellthedifferencesbetweentwosongs.Asaresult,songssoundlikenoisetoanamusic.Manyamusicscomparethesoundofmusictopiecesofmetalhittingeachother.Lifecanbehardforamusics...BystudyingpeoplelikeMargaret,scientistsarefinallylearninghowtoidentify(辨别)thisunusualcondition.Scientistssaythatthebrainsofamusicsaredifferentforthoseofpeoplewhocanenjoymusic.精品学习资料可选择pdf第4页，共9页-----------------------
Thedifferenceiscomplex(复杂的),anditisnotconnectedwithpoorhearing...Scientistscompareamusicstopeoplewhojustcan’tseecertaincolors.Manyamusicsarehappywhentheirconditionisfinallydiagnosed(诊断)...Thatmakesiteasierforthemtoexplain...Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Amusics’strangebehaviors.B.Musicalability.C.Somepeople’sinabilitytoenjoymusic.D.Identificationandtreatmentofamusic.【解析】C。整篇文章的关键词是amusic(无法欣赏音乐的人)。文章主要介绍了amusic病症及其原因的简单探究。【解题方法】抓住中心句。中心句是对文章内容的概括或总结，通常是段落首句或尾句。另外，首尾句通常也有承上启下的作用。所以，重视首尾句更有助于我们把握文章内容。在上面的这个例子中，每段的首句就是段落的中心句。第一段首句引出话题：amusic；第二段讲了amusic的表现；第三段讲了amusic现象背后的科学依据；第四段说明了amusic的现状。【例6：广西桂林卷】Multitaskingisevenchangingtherelationshipbetweenfamilymembers.Asyoungpeoplegivesomuchattentiontotheirownworlds，theyseemtohavenotimetospendwiththeotherpeoplearoundthem.Theycannolongergreetfamilymemberswhentheyenterthehouse，norcantheyeatatthefamilytable.InParagraph3,theauthorpointsoutthat______.A.familymembersdonotgreeteachotherB.familymembersdonoteatatthefamilytableC.youngpeoplegetonwellwiththeirfamiliesD.youngpeoplehardlycommunicatewiththeirfamilymembers【解析】D。选项A、B只是局部信息，不够全面。C选项是无关信息，文章并没有提到。仔细阅读第三段，选择D。4.写作意图类【例7：天津卷】VanuatuisanislandnationintheSouthPacific.Itisoneofthesmallestcountriesintheworld.Butforthosewhoareinterestedinadventureandsport,thereisalottodo.Vanuatuvisitorstwoofthemostexcitinganddangerousactivitiesintheworld:volcano(火山)surfingandlanddiving.VolcanoSurfingOnTannaIsland,MountYasurrises300metersintothesky.Yasuris⋯Recently,peoplehavealsostartedclimbingYasurtosurfthevolcano.Insomeways,volcanosurfingislikesurfinginthesea,butinotherwaysit’sverydifferent.Volcanosurferstryto⋯Itunanddangerous’sfast,f–theperfectextremesport(极限运动).LandDiving精品学习资料可选择pdf第5页，共9页-----------------------
⋯Amantiestreevines(树藤)tohislegs.Hethenjumpshead-firstfromahightowertotouchtheearthwiththetopofhishead–withoutbreakingthevine.Everyspring,islandnatives(menonly)stilltakepartinthisamazingactivity.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.Totellpeoplenottododangeroussports.B.Toexplainwhatvolcanosurfingandlanddivingare.C.Totalkabouttheworld’sbestvolcanosurferandlanddiver.D.TocompareactivitiesinVanuatuwithsportsinNewZealand.【解析】B。本篇文章介绍了南太平洋岛国瓦努阿图上的两项极限运动：火山滑板和陆地蹦极。第一段引入两项极限运动的话题；第二、三段分类介绍。【解题方法】把握标题。有些文章有文章标题或段落标题。通过标题，我们就能了解文章或段落的主要内容或中心思想。段落标题常出现在说明文或议论文中，并且有提纲挈领的作用。这类文章通常采取总分总的形式，结构清晰。第一段通常引出话题；中间段落逐条介绍；最后有时也有总结性的段落。【例8：浙江杭州卷】WhentheAudetfamilyturnsonthelightsatBlueFarm,theyareusingelectricitythatcomesfromcows–cowwaste,tobespecific...Whenfarmerscleantheirbarns,theyputthewastesinabigheap,andspreadsomeofthemontheirfieldsforfertilizer(肥料).ButnowplaceslikeBlueFarmhaveanewwayofusingcowwastes.Theyusethemtomakeelectricity...Methanegas(甲烷、沼气)intheatmosphereisknownasa“greenhousegas⋯Itsgasiskept”andusedtopowerelectricgenerators(发电机).AtBlueFarm,thegeneratorsmakeenoughelectricitytopower400homes.TheAudetfamilysellstheextraelectricitytheycan’tusethemselves.Whatisthemainpurposeforwritingthepassage?A.tointroduceanewwayofmakingelectricityB.toexplainhowanewenergyworksbetterC.toshowanewrebuildingplanforabigfarmD.toexplainthereasonsforgreenhouseeffect【解析】A。快速浏览全文，不难找出文章的核心词electricity,通读全文可以推断作者的写作目的是介绍使用牛的粪便发电。再看选项B，文章讲的是anewwayofusingcowwastes而不是anewenergy;C、D与文章无关。四、小结一下吧！上面我们介绍了解答主旨大意题的几种方法：提取关键词、跳读、抓住中心句以及把握标题。在解题时，为了获取有效信息，往往需要融合多种方法进行概括、判断和归纳。例如通过跳读找出关键词或中心句，从中心句概括出全文主旨。同时，我们也可以从选项入手，精品学习资料可选择pdf第6页，共9页-----------------------
运用排除法排除干扰项，比如主观臆测、过于笼统或以偏概全的选项。在遇到标题类的题目时，我们可以假设自己是作者，检验写作思路是否与原文相符。如果不符，可能就需要重新考虑答案。五、挑战相关练习AIgrewupinNewHampshire,asmalltowninSouthCanada,whereinmyfather’swordsfortheseasonswere“Spring,Summer,FairtimeandWinter!”Atthattime,aweek-longfairwasheldinthetowneveryautumn.Thousandsofpeoplefromothertownscametosellandbuythings.Itwasthebusiesttimeoftheyear.When“Fairtime”came,mygrandmabecamethemost“useful”andbusiestpersonofthefamily.Grandmawasakind,well-educatedoldlady.Shewasgoodatcooking.Allherrelativeslikedthefoodshecooked.During“Fairtime”,theywouldcometoliveinherhouseandhavemealsthere.Grandmawasalwayshappytolookafterthem.Yearafteryear,manypeoplemovedtobigcities.Therewasnoloner“FairtimeGrandma”.becameveryoldandwasgraduallygoingblind.MyparentsandImovedtolivewithGrandmainherhouse.Wedidourbesttomakeherday-to-daylifeascomfortableaspossible.Iwasathighschoolthen.WhatIoftendidathomewastohelpGrandmawiththedailynewspaper’scrosswordpuzzle.However,shedidn’tlookhappy.Sheoftensatinherroomforhours,withoutsayingaword.Toattractpeopletomoveback,theTownHalldecidedtoreopentheFair.Oneday,whenIcamebackfromschool,IsawGrandmawearingherglasses,washingthedishesinthekitchen.Withabigsmileonherface,shelookedalotmuchyounger.Shetoldmethathertwonieceswouldcome.“TheysaidthefoodIcookedwasverydeliciousandtheywanttostayinmyhouseagain,Grandmasaidhappily.“Theywillstayhereforoneweekandwecanhaveabigparty.ThatmustbethebusiestweekI’vehadinyears!”IsuddenlyrealizedthatGrandmadidn’wanttobelookedafter.Shewantedtobet“useful”,appreciatedandhelpful.What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A.FairtimeB.My“Old”GrandmaC.ASmallTownD.Grandma’sFamilyBIt’sreportedthatacompanycalledMicroCHIPShasdevelopedawirelesslycontrolleddevice(装置).Thedeviceisputundertheskinandcansupplyadrugdirectlyintothepatient’body.sPeoplegivethename“microchips”toit.Microchipsbringgoodnewstopatientswithlong-term(长期的)illnesses,forexample,Osteoporosis(骨质疏松症).PeoplewithOsteoporosishavetogetdailyinjections(注射)of精品学习资料可选择pdf第7页，共9页-----------------------
medicine.Onetypeoftreatmentrequiresinjectionsfortwoyears.Manypatientsstoptakingthemedicinebecauseofthepainandstressoftheinfections.However,microchipscandealwithit.Doctorswillprogramthedevicebeforeputtingitundertheskin,andthedevicehastheabilitytorelease(释放)adose(剂量)atagiventime,everysingleday.Onemicrochipcanholdafullyear’sworthofmedicine.Microchipsmayonedayfree(使⋯⋯摆脱)peoplefromhavingtoremembertotaketheirmedicine,orgetinjections.Thedevicemayalsobeusefulintreatingotherlong-termdiseases,includingheartdisease,cancerandevenAIDS.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.ItintroducesthecompanyMicroCHIPS.B.Itintroducesanewwirelesslycontrolleddevicecalled“microchips”.C.Itintroducessomecommonlong-terndiseases.D.It’sabouthowthedevicecalled“works.microchips”CAskanystudentwhichsubjectheorshehatesmost.Nineoutoftenstudentswillanswer“math”.Nomatterwhichcountryyouvisit,nomatterwhichgradeyouarein,youmaynotlearnart,geography,chemistryorChinese,butyoualwayslearnmath.Whyisthisso?Howcomesomanystudentshatemath,andyetcannotavoidlearningitinschool?JennySanders,ahighschoolstudentinCalifornia,asks,“Whatgooddowegetfromlearningmath?Wecanusecomputerstocomputenumbers,andwecanusecomputerstostoreinformation.Ithinklearningmathatschoolisawasteoftime.”However,thereismuchmoretomaththanjustlearningtoaddandsubtract(减)numbers.Infact,mathisnotsomuchaboutcalculation(计算)asitisaboutlearningtothinklogically(逻辑地)andsolvingproblems.Ofcourse,Jennywasrightthatwecanusecomputerstodocalculations,buthowwouldweevenknowhowtousethecomputerifwecan’tthinklogically?Inshort,computersareonlytoolswhensolvingproblems.Forexample,imagineyouareacookandmustservedinnerto100guests.Howshouldyoudivideyourresourcessothatyoucangetthejobdonemostefficiently(高效地)?Insituationslikethis,theabilitytothinklogicallywillgetyoutoareasonableanswerandsolveyourproblem.Whatdoesthewriterwanttotellus?A.Mathisjustlearningtoaddandsubtractnumbers.B.Mathcanbegoodforbothourbodyandourmind.C.Mathhelpsusthinklogicallyandsolveproblems.D.Mathcanhelpstudentsfindagoodjobinthefuture.参考答案精品学习资料可选择pdf第8页，共9页-----------------------
五、挑战相关练习A【解析】B。快速扫视全文，不难发现文章的中心都是围绕Grandma这个关键词展开的。虽然第一段介绍了Fairtime，但后文并未再出现过，而在此仅仅是为了引入话题。再仔细阅读文章其余各段落可知，主要是介绍祖母的生活的，因此不难总结出文章的标题。B【解析】B。本题考查文章的主旨大意。此类型题目通常需要关注文章的第一段和最后一段，以及各段的首句。本文中，第一段通过hasdevelopedawirelesslycontrolleddevice...引出microchips这一名词，下面两段分别介绍了它的功能和对它的展望，所以文章主旨肯定与microchips有关，在B和D两项之间选择。纵观全文可知，应是对microchips的总体介绍，而不仅仅是怎么工作的，所以选B。C【解析】C。作者写这篇文章主要是想告诉我们什么呢？这种类型的题目，答案通常都在最后一段，因为前面几段作者会从正面、侧面去分析文章所讲述的中心话题，最后一段通常是总结，得出自己的观点。第一段引入话题：从大多数学生讨厌学习数学，但数学却遍布全球所有年级课程入手，引大家思考，为什么学校必须得设立数学课？第二段侧面论证：用一个学生的引子来询问，既然电脑可以做大多数的计算题，为什么还要学习数学？对第一段的质疑进一步论证。第三段列出关键点：用一个转折句However,thereismuchmoretomaththanjustlearningtoaddandsubtract(减)numbers.引入新一段，说明本段将解释数学为什么如此重要。第四段进一步通过例子论证正面观点：数学不是简单的加和减，其包含的思考能力是我们真正要学习的。最后一句的关键词theabilitytothinklogically正式解答此题的来源。通过逐段分析，我们对作者的意图也了然于心，正是C选项所描述的。SADFGRWQWWE!@#$%^&*@!#%FE精品学习资料可选择pdf第9页，共9页-----------------------
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