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学好历史的方法二

2021-06-18
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中考英语动词时态专项复习 1 动词的五种基本形式动词主要用来表示动作、状态和性质,而动作和状态的发生有具体的时间和表现方式,这就是英语中动词的时态。英语中动词的时态由动词的不同形式来表示。英语动词的五种基本形式为:动词原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。如:work—works—working—worked—worked。 1.动词的五种基本形式变化表形式构成例词动词原形不带 to 的动词不定式形式,也就是词典中一般给出的形式 be,have do,learn 第三人称单数形式一般在动词原形后加-s runs,likes 以 ch,sh,s,o,x 结尾的动词,在词尾加-es teach—teaches wash—washes go—goes pass—passes 以辅音字母加-y 结尾的动词, 先将 y 变为 i 再加-es study—studies try—tries 以元音字母加-y 结尾的动词, 在词尾加-s stay—stays play—plays 现在分词一般在动词原形后加-ing read—reading 以不发音字母 e 结尾的动词,去掉 e 再加-ing live—living write—writing 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母后再加-ing sit—sitting begin—beginning 少数几个以 ie 结尾的动词要变 ie 为 y,再加-ing die—dying lie—lying tie—tying 过去式与过去分词 (规则变化) 一般在动词原形后加-ed work—worked 以辅音字母加-y 结尾的动词, 先将 y 变为 i 再加-ed carry—carried study—studied 以 e 结尾的动词,直接加-d live—lived 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写该辅音字母后再加-ed stop—stopped plan—planned 2 时态的基本框架常见六种时态的构成及用法（1）一般现在时用法：①现在经常性的状态或动作；②客观事实和真理。构成：①be+表语；②实义动词作谓语标志词：often, sometimes, usually, always, never， twice a month, every day/week/month/year(every 系列) 例句：He usually gets to school early.他通常很早到校。 The moon moves around the earth.月亮绕着地球转。练一练 1.认识从实践开始 Knowledge practice.2.如果明天下雨,我们就不去公园了。If it tomorrow,we to the park.（2）一般过去时用法：表示过去的动作或状态。构成：①was/were+ 表语；②实义动词作谓语标志词：a moment ago，just now,ago, yesterday, last night/week/month(last 系列) 例句：We went to Yunnan last Monday.上周一我们去了云南。1.She (not visit)her aunt last weekend. 2.My friend,Lucy, (study)for the math test and (practice)English last night. （3）一般将来时用法：表示将来的动作或状态。构成：①will/shall+动词原形； ②am/is/are going to+动词原形标志词：tonight, tomorrow, from now on, soon, in the future, next year(next 系列) 例句：The twins will go to the cinema with their parents tonight. 这对双胞胎今晚将和他们的父母一起去看电影。注意：在时间和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。练一练 1.Mary’s birthday is on next Monday.Her mother (give)her a present. 2.It is very cold these days.It (snow)soon. （4）现在进行时用法：①此刻动作：表示目前正在发生的动作。②现阶段动作：表示目前一个时期一直在进行的动作，此刻不一定在进行。构成：am/is/are+动词的现在分词标志词： am/is/are+动词的现在分词；now, at present, at the moment, these days, look, listen 例句：Look! What are the children doing over there? 看，孩子们在那边做什么呢？注意：表示位置移动或状态转移的动词(come ,go, leave, arrive)等少数动词的现在进行时形式可表示将要发生的动作。练一练 1.—Where is your father?—He (fish)by the lake. 2.It’s 8 o’clock.The children (do)morning exercises. （5）过去进行时用法：过去某时正在进行的动作。构成：was/were+动词的现在分词标志词：at that time, this time yesterday, at 1:00 last night,at that moment, then, when 表示过去时间的状语从句例句：I was reading when he came in.当他进来的时候，我正在读书。注意：在复合句中，如果两个动作同时发生，那么延续性动词用过去进行时；短暂性动词用一般过去时。通常在 when 或 while 引导的时间状语从句中出现。—What were you doing at nine last night?—昨天晚上九点你正在干什么? 练一练 1.当我进来时,他正在读书。 2.你写信的时候, 我在看书（6）现在完成时用法：①到现在为止已经完成的动作,对现在还有影响。 ②从过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态。构成：have/has+动词的过去分词标志词：yet, still, just, so far, before, recently, once, already, lately, ever, never, since 1996, in Kunming，last/past, for ten years (for 系列) 例句：He has only been to Kunming once.他只去过昆明一次。 I have been in the Youth Volunteers for five years.我来到青年志愿者队已经五年了。注意： since 后面的从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时；短暂性动词不与一段时间连用。如果要与一段时间连用必须换成延续性动词。非延续性动词延续性动词 buy have borrow keep open be open close be closed begin/start be on come be here go be there finish be over die be dead catch a cold have a cold put on wear wake up be awake fall asleep be asleep lose not have join be in leave be away arrive/reach be 提示： have been to, have gone to 和 have been in 的区别 have been to 曾经去过某地（现在已经回来了），常与 just, ever, never 等副词连用。have gone to 去了某地（现在还没有回来），表示说话时某人已不在现场，可能在去的途中，也可能已经到达目的地。have been in 已经在某地，表示状态，后面常接表示“时间段”的状语。练一练 1. 你已经看过这部电影了吗 ? 2. 我已经买这本词典三年了。练一练答案 1. begins with.2.rains,won’t go 1.didn’t visit 2.studied practiced 1. will give 2. is going to snow 1.He was reading when I came in.2.While you were writing letters,I was reading a book. 1. is fishing 2. are doing 1.Have you seen this film yet? 2.I have had this dictionary for 3 years. 3 时态的判定初中阶段需掌握六种基本时态。学生可根据以下 5 点来判断不同时态的选用。（1）巧用提示辨时态遇到时态题时，首先要寻找时间标志词，如果题干中有时间标志词，可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态。需要注意的是，个别时间状语可用于不同的时态中，考生需具体情况具体对待。如： --I ___ a high school student this September. --I can’t wait! A. am B. was C. have been D. will be 方法点拨第 1 步：分析语境：今年九月我就会是一名高中生了。我等不及了! 第 2 步：分析选项，A 项：一般现在时；B 项：一般过去时；C 项：现在完成时；D 项：一般将来时。第 3 步：根据时间状语 this September 以及句子描述可知选 D。（2）细心体会辨语境在有些情况下，动词的时态是由上下文语境来决定的，这就要求我们既要理解上下文的语境，也要掌握各种时态的灵活运用。如果一个英语句子中既没有出现时间状语，也没有可供判断时态的上下文，那么就应当把这个句子翻译成中文，利用我们的母语知识来判断这个句子该用何种时态。如： —Where is Miss Li? —She ___ the laboratory. A. is going to B. has gone to C. went to D. goes to 方法点拨第 1 步：分析语境“李老师在哪里？” “她去实验室了。” 第 2 步：分析选项，A 项：一般将来时；B 项：现在完成时；C 项：一般过去时；D 项：一般现在时。第 3 步：结合语境可知这里指“李老师去图书馆的动作发生在过去，在双方说话时她还没回来”，应用现在完成时，故选 B。（3）主从时态须呼应主从复合句中谓语动词时态的一致主要有以下几种情况： ① “ 主将从现 ” 原则。如果主句是一般将来时 , 从句是由 when, after, before, notuntil, as soon as 等引导的时间状语从句以及由 if, unless 引导的条件状语从句时，谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时。如： He is going to be a scientist when he ____up. A. grows B. grew C. will grow D. has grown 方法点拨 when 引导的时间状语从句遵循 “主将从现”原则，即主句用一般将来时，从句需用一般现在时。故选 A。 ②在主从复合句中，如果主句和从句的谓语动词表示的两个动作都发生在过去，而且有明显的先后顺序，那么，延续性动词用过去进行时，短暂性动词用一般过去时。通常在 when 和 while 引导的时间状语从句中出现。如： The children ___ a picnic in the park when it suddenly began to rain. A. have B. are having C. had D. were having 方法点拨找出题目中的关键词 “when”。when 引导的时间状语从句的时态为一般过去时，且“began”为短暂性动词，主句表示延续性的动作，谓语动词应用过去进行时。故选 D。 ③在含有“since 从句”的主从复合句中，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。另外，在“It’s+一段时间+since+从句”句式中，since 后面的从句常用一般过去时。如： —Long time no see! —Oh! It ___ five years since we met last time. A. was B. were C. has been D. have been 方法点拨句意为“好久不见！”“哦！自从我们上次见面以来已经五年了。”since 是现在完成时态的标志词，因此主句应用现在完成时态。主语 It 是第三人称单数，谓语动词应用 has。故选 C。 ④当主句谓语动词的时态为一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时等时态时，后面跟的宾语从句中的谓语动词的时态不受主句时态的限制，可根据具体情况，选用各种合适的时态。如：I don’t know if he ___ to play basketball with us. A. comes B. came C. will come D. has come 方法点拨句意为：我不知道他是否会来和我们一起打篮球。if 作为“是否” 讲，宾语从句中的谓语动词的时态不受主句时态的限制，因为事情还没有发生，应用一般将来时。故选 C。 ⑤“时态一致”原则。在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词为过去时态时，从句的谓语动词需用相应的某种过去时态。如：I didn’t understand ___, so I raised my hand to ask. A. what my teacher says B. what does my teacher say C. what my teacher said D. what did my teacher say 方法点拨第 1 步：分析选项可知本题考查宾语从句的语序及时态。宾语从句需用陈述句语序,排除 B 和 D 项。第 2 步：根据“时态一致”原则,即主句的谓语动词为过去时态，从句的谓语动词需用相应的某种过去时态。故选 C。（4）上下一致定时态在这种情况下，动词的时态是由上下文已有的时态信息来确定，这就要求我们准确判断上下文所表达的时态信息，确定恰当的时态。如： —I can’t find David. Where is he?—He ___ for tomorrow’s competition at home. A. prepares B. prepared C. is preparing D. has prepared 方法点拨第 1 步：分析语境：“我找不到大卫。他在哪儿？”“他正在家里为明天的比赛做准备。” 第 2 步：问句为一般现在时，可知答语表示他此刻正在为明天的比赛做准备，应用现在进行时，故选 C。（5）瞻前顾后巧搭配在英语中，不少句型与一些动词在时态的运用方面都存在着特定的对应关系。 ①在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型中，陈述句中用 will 表示一般将来时。如：Hurry up, or you ____ the early bus. A. miss B. missed C. will miss D. have missed 方法点拨分析句子结构可知这是“祈使句+or +陈述句”句型，陈述句的谓语要用“will+动词原形”，故选 C。 ②在 This/That/It is the first time that 句型中用现在完成时。若 is 改为 was，就用过去完成时，有时以上结构中的 first 也可换成 second， third， fourth 等，其中的 time 也可换成其他名词。如：This is the first time that I ___ a baseball game. A. am watching B. was watching C. have watched D. will watch 方法点拨分析句子结构可知此处考查 This is the first time…句型，后面所加从句应用现在完成时。故选 C。中考试练 1.Maria _______ exercise in the morning. She prefers doing it in the evening.(not do) 2. —What do you think of your hometown, Kate?—It ___ a lot. It’s more beautiful than before .A. has changed B. changesC. will change D. change 3. —Did you do anything interesting last Sunday?—Not really. I just ___ at home.A. stay B. stayed C. will stay D. am staying 4. —Do you know when Nick left?—He ___ for half an hour. A. will leave B. left C. has left D. has been away 5.—Can John play soccer with us, Mrs. Black?—One moment, please. He ___ on the phone to his cousin. A. talks B. talked C. talking D. is talking 6.Look! A dog ___ a blind man across the road.A. leads B. lead C. is leading D. led 7.—Is your bike new?—No, it’s an old one. I ___ it for three years .A. has bought B. have boughtC. have had D. has had 8.—Summer holiday is coming. What are you going to do?— I’m not sure. Maybe I ___ to the beach .A. go B. went C. will go D. have gone 9.—Long time no see!—Oh! It ___ five years since we met last time. A. was B. were C. has been D. have been 11.We ___ when the terrorists killed the people in Kunming on the night of March 1st, 2014. A. were watching TV B. are watching TVC. watched TV D. watch TV 12.—___ you ___ what club you want to join?—Not yet .A. Do; decide B. Have; decidedC. Are; deciding D. Can; decide 13. —Where is Jack ？ —On the playground. He ___ football with his classmates.A. play B. playedC. is playing D. was playing 14.The train ___ when we got to the station. We had to wait for the next one. A. has left B. had leftC. left D. was leaving 15.It’s nice to see you again. We ___ each other since 2014. A. won’t see B. don’t seeC. haven’t seen D. didn’t see 答案：1.doesn’t do 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.D 6.C 7.C 8.C 9.C 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.C 总结：动词的时态是中考的必考点，在单项填空中考查。考生可掌握以下判定时态的技巧：①根据时间状语确定时态；②利用上下文语境判断句子的时态；③在复合句中根据时态呼应确定时态；④根据上下文已有的时态信息确定时态；⑤固定句型中的固定时态。 4 时态在句子中的运用一、完成句子 1.当爷爷读书时,他戴着眼镜。Grandpa glasses when he .2.沿着这条路走,你将看到挨着银行有一个图书馆 Just go down this road and you the library next to the bank.3.Paula 很高兴她已经找到了她丢失的手表 Paula is pleased that she her lost watch4. 我们很骄傲中国这些年正变得越来越强大 We’re proud that China stronger and stronger these years.5.汤姆安全地到达了机场。Tom the airport safely6.我们发现一个男人躺在地上。We a man lying on the ground.7.今天下午有一场足球比赛 There a football game this afternoon. 【答案】 1.wears ， reads2.will see 3.has found4. is becoming 5.reached6. found 7. will be 二、翻译句子 1.我们已经很久没见了。2.到目前为止，他已经解决了许多困难。3.直到上星期五，我才知道你会来。4.那里有一家工厂正向河里倒废水。【答案】1.We have not seen foe a long time.2.So far, he has solved a lot of difficulty.3.I didn’t know he would come until last week.4.There is a factory pouring waste water into the river. 查看更多

学好历史的方法二

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