资料简介
《论修身》.解读(8)
“修身养性”是《论语》中的重要内容,所谓“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”,修身为第一要素,孔子所说的修身,就是学习做人的道理。“四书”:《论语》《大学》《中庸》《孟子》“五经”:《诗经》《尚书》《礼记》《易经》《春秋》《论语》作为一部优秀的语录体散文集,它以言简意赅、含蓄隽永的语言,记述了孔子及其弟子的言行。
怎样写?为何写?孔子
深层含义:岁寒:象征污浊的社会或艰苦的环境。松柏:有坚忍耐寒的品质,象征德行高尚的君子。在艰难困苦、污浊黑暗的环境中,才知道谁才是真正坚忍不拔、德行高尚的君子。
“岁寒知松柏,患难见真情。路遥知马力,日久见人心。”中国人民自古以来就对松树怀有一种特殊的感情,常用松柏象征坚强不屈的品格,并把松、竹、梅誉为“岁寒三友”。
四在陈绝粮,从者病,莫能兴。子路愠(1)见曰:“君子亦有穷乎?”子曰:“君子固穷(2),小人穷斯滥矣。”【译文】孔子在陈国断粮时,跟随的人都生了病,饿得起不来。子路生着气拜见孔子说:“君子也有走投无路的时候吗?”孔子说:“君子坚守穷困,小人穷困到这地步就无所不为了。”固:坚持,坚守愠:音yùn,怒,怨恨。
五原壤夷俟。子曰:“幼而不孙弟,长而无述焉,老而不死,是为贼。”以杖叩其胫。夷俟:夷,双腿分开而坐。俟,音sì,等待。孙、弟:同逊、悌。原壤:鲁国人,孔子的旧友。他母亲死了,他还大声歌唱,孔子认为这是大逆不道。胫?
【评析】以一段尖锐的语言和一个形象的动作表明孔子对没有修养的人的极度蔑视,从而树立起一个嫉恶如仇的君子形象。【译文】原壤伸开两腿坐着等待孔子。孔子说:“你小时候就不懂礼貌,长大了一事无成,你这个老不死,真是个害人精。”用手杖敲打他的小腿。
六子曰:“不患人之不己知,患其不能也。”【译文】不怕别人不了解自己,就怕自己没有才干。否定句宾语前置【评析】不患人不知己(正常语序)不患人之不己知(宾语前置)忧虑,担心
七子曰:“君子求诸己,小人求诸人。”【译文】孔子说:“君子严格要求自己,小人苛刻要求别人。”兼词,“之于”【评析】以君子和小人的对比说明君子应自强、自省。
八宰予昼寝,子曰:“朽木不可雕也,粪土(1)之墙不可杇(2)也,于予与何诛(3)!”子曰:“始吾于人也,听其言而信其行;今吾于人也,听其言而观其行。于予与(4)改是。”【注释】(1)粪土:腐土、脏土。(2)杇:音wū,抹墙用的抹子。这里指用抹子粉刷墙壁。(3)诛:意为责备、批评。(4)与:通“欤”,语气词。
【译文】宰予白天上课睡觉。孔子说:“腐朽的木头不能雕刻成器,用脏土筑成的墙不能粉刷,对宰予我还能责备什么呢?”孔子又说:“从前我看人,听他说就相信他的行为,现在我看人,听他说再看他做。从宰予身上我改变了观察人的方式。”【评析】以“朽木”“粪土”两个通俗形象的比喻,说明加强自身修养的重要性,判断一个人的品德修养到底如何,不仅要看他怎么说的,更要看他的实际行动。
九子曰:“过而不改,是谓过矣。”【译文】孔子说:“有错误而不改正,那个错误便真叫做错误了。”第一个“过”与第二个“过”词性是否相同,各是什么意思?不同,前一个是动词,意思是“有了过错”;后一个是名词,意思是“错误”。【评析】说的是一个人要能正确对待自己的过失。
十司马牛问君子。子曰:“君子不忧不惧。”曰:“不忧不惧,斯谓之君子已乎?”子曰:“内省不疚,夫何忧何惧?”【译文】司马牛问孔子如何成为一个君子。孔子说:“君子不忧愁不恐惧。”司马牛又问:“不忧愁不恐惧,就能叫做君子了吗?”孔子说:“内心经常反省,对做过的事不后悔,哪里还有什么忧愁和恐惧呢?”
十一子曰:“参乎,吾道一以贯之。”曾子曰:“唯。”子出,门人问曰:“何谓也?”曾子曰:“夫子之道,忠恕而已矣。”【译文】孔子说:“曾参啊,我讲的道是由一个最基本的思想贯彻始终的。”曾参说:“是。”孔子出去后,学生问曾参说:“什么意思?”曾子说:“先生的思想,就是尽心竭力和推己及人。”
十二子贡问曰:“有一言而可以终身行之者乎?”子曰:“其恕乎!己所不欲,勿施于人。”【译文】子贡问:“有一个字可以终身奉行吗?”孔子说:“那就是恕字吧!自己不愿意的,不要强加于别人。”【评析】一个人要有推己及人的“换位思考”,要尊重他人,体贴他人。
十三子曰:“巧言、令色、足恭,左丘明耻之,丘亦耻之。匿怨而友其人,左丘明耻之,丘亦耻之。”【译文】甜言蜜语、满脸堆笑、过分谄媚,左丘明认为可耻,我也认为可耻。内心藏着怨恨却跟那个人交朋友,左丘明感到耻辱,我也感到耻辱。(提倡人们正直、坦率、诚实,不要口是心非、表里不一。)【注释】1、足恭:过分恭敬。足:过分、足够。2、耻:认为……可耻;3、友:对……友好
【注释】(1)輗:ní,连接车辕与驾车横木的部件;(2)軏:yuè,小车上连接车辕与架马横木的部件;【译文】孔子说:“人不讲信义,我不知道他能做成什么。牛车没有輗,马车没有軏,那它怎么能行走呢?”十四子曰:“人而无信,不知其可也。大车无輗(1),小车无軏(2),其何以行之哉?”
十五或曰:“以德报怨,何如?”子曰:“何以报德?以直报怨,以德报德。”【译文】有人问孔子说:“用恩惠来回报怨恨,怎么样?”孔子说:“(如果这样的话)用什么来报答恩惠呢?用公正无私来回报怨恨,用恩惠来回报恩惠。”【评析】这表明孔子在真理面前不退让,不提倡以牺牲原则来求得友谊和睦的。
十六子曰:“质(1)胜文(2)则野(3),文胜质则史(4)。文质彬彬(5),然后君子。”【译文】孔子说:“一个人如果太不修饰仪容,就会显得鄙陋,如果太过雕琢修饰,就会显得浮华;只有既朴实又有文采,才是君子。”【注释】(1)质:朴实,与“文”相对;(2)文:文采,指对仪容举止进行雕琢修饰。(3)野:缺乏文彩,指鄙陋;(4)史:言词华丽,指虚浮;(5)彬彬:质与文搭配恰当,既朴实又有文采。
十七子曰:“君子泰而不骄,小人骄而不泰。”【译文】君子平和而不骄狂,小人骄狂而不平和。【评析】“泰”,表明君子的旷达,虚怀若谷,胸有成竹;“骄”是自以为是,盛气凌人,但其内心却很空洞,很虚弱。真正有知识、有内涵的人常常显得很平静,甚至“大智若愚”;而愈是表面张狂、骄纵的人,愈是无知浅薄的人。
十八子曰:“君子坦荡荡,小人长戚戚。”【译文】孔子说:“君子总是胸怀宽广,小人总是忧愁悲伤。”【注释】(1)坦荡荡:心胸宽广开阔;荡荡:宽广的样子。(2)长戚戚:经常忧愁、烦恼的样子。【评析】作为君子,应当有宽广的胸怀,可以容忍别人,容纳各种事件,不计个人利害得失。
十九樊迟问仁。子曰:“居处恭,执事敬,与人忠。虽之夷狄,不可弃也。”【评析】这里孔子对“仁”的解释,是以“恭”、“敬”、“忠”三个德目为基本内涵。【译文】樊迟问(孔子)什么是仁。孔子说:“在家守规矩,做事认真、慎重,待人忠心耿耿。即使到了愚昧之地,也不可背弃这个做人的准则。”
二十子夏曰:“君子有三变:望之俨然,即之也温,听其言也厉。”【译文】子夏说:“孔子有三种变化:他看起来很严肃,(和他)接触后就知道他很温和,听他说话又觉得严厉。”【评析】他既是温和的,又是严肃的;他既充满情感,和蔼可亲,又严格要求,坚持原则。这是一个令人可亲可近,又令人敬畏的长者形象。
谢谢!《论语》的语言有什么特点?
1言简意赅,精辟深刻;如:“君子不忧不惧”“己所不欲,勿施于人”。2善用比喻说明深刻道理;如:“岁寒,然后知松柏之后凋也”“朽木不可雕也”等。3运用对比,使语义更加鲜明;如:“君子泰而不骄,小人骄而不泰”“君子坦荡荡,小人长戚戚”等。4运用对偶、并列、排比的句式,使语言整饬,朗朗上口;如:“君子求诸己,小人求诸人”“三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命……”“居处恭,执事敬,与人忠”。
一、说说下列句中加线词语的意思。1、在陈绝粮,从者病,莫能兴2、君子固穷,小人穷斯滥矣3、老而不死,是为贼4、与予与何诛5、巧言、令色、足恭,左丘明耻之6、匿怨而友其人7、以德报怨8、君子泰而不骄9、质胜文则野10、君子坦荡荡,小人长戚戚
二、辨析下列词的不同意义或用法。过过户限,不觉屐齿之折从此道至吾军,不过二十里耳比之如父,拟之如天,诚不为过也庶乎饰已不言之过过而不改过故人庄跨过超过过分过错有了过错拜访
患臣恐功既不成,仍有后患不患人之不已知祸患担心
也岁寒,然后知松柏之后凋也何为其然也其为人也,发愤忘食,乐以忘忧语气助词,表判断语气助词,表疑问语气助词,舒缓语气
即望之俨然,即之也温,听其言也厉登即相许合,便可作婚姻且壮士不死即已,死即举大名耳接触立刻就
诸于是谢石等诸军,水陆继进君子求诸己,小人求诸人各之于
(1)第1则是孔子对自己一生各阶段的总结,表现孔子从少年时代求学开始直到逐渐走向“仁者”的长期过程。这是一个漫长的学习、思考、奋斗的过程,最终达到了“从心所欲,不逾矩”的境界;(2)第5则以一段尖锐的语言和一个形象的动作表明孔子对没有修养的人的极度蔑视,指出一个人从小不注重亲情孝道是道德沦丧的起点;(3)第15则主张公正平等,表明孔子在真理面前不退让,不提倡以牺牲原则来求得友谊和睦的;(4)第16则主要讲仪容举止与内在素质的关系。君子要要做到“文质彬彬”,即既朴实又有文采,达到内在美与外表美的高度统一。
孔子说“君子固穷”,又说“贫而乐,富而好礼”。这里“穷”字的意义与“贫”有什么不同?理屈词穷穷寇勿追日暮途穷穷追猛打穷且益坚穷凶极恶穷:尽。由于理亏而无话可说穷:走投无路。不追无路可走的敌人,造成自己的损失。也比喻不可逼人太甚。穷:尽头。天已晚了,路已走到了尽头。比喻处境十分困难,到了末日。也形容穷困到极点。穷:不断。对于溃败的敌人不断追击。两者意义相近,但“穷”还带有窘迫之意,而“贫”侧重于钱财缺乏。穷:极端。形容极端残暴凶恶。穷:穷困。处境越困窘,意志应当越坚定。
新人教版八年级英语上期末考试复习
单项选择一、谓语动词()1.ThegirlshorterhairthanLisa.A.hasB.haveC.withD.and()2.MickeyMousewasthefirstcartoon_________sound.A.andB.ofC.withD.in()3.Ifhe______gotocollege,hewillhavetowork.A.toB.doesC.doesn’tD.isn’t
()4.Don’t______jeanstotheparty.A.putonB.wearC.wearingD.dress()5.Parentsusually_________arolein_________theirkids.A.play,helpingB.make,helpingC.play,helpD.make,help
非谓语动词()6.—Doyouenjoy__________here?—No,Iwant_________therebybike.A.walking,togoB.towalk,togoC.walking,goingD.towalk,going()7.It’sinteresting_________otherpeople_________theirtalent.A.towatch,toshowB.towatch,showC.watch,toshowD.watch,show()8.Studentsshouldstudyhardtomaketheirdreams_________.A.comeoutB.comeupC.cometrueD.comeon
()9.It’sveryimportant________us________Englishwell.A.of…learningB.for…learningC.of…tolearnD.for…tolearn()10.Thepolicemanaskedthechildren________inthestreet.A.nottoplayB.tonotplayC.don’tplayD.playing
11.—doeshewanttobewhenhe?—Hewantstobeacomputerprogrammer.A.What,growsupB.How,growsupC.What,growupD.How,growup
12.TheYellowRiverisoneof______riversinChina.AlongBlongerCthelongest
()13.Wearrived____Chengdu___asunnysummermorning.A.in;onB.at;onC.in;inD.at;in
()14.Ourteacheroftenkeepsus_____classroomeveryday,sowemustkeepourclassroom.A.clean,cleanB.cleaning,cleaningC.cleaning,cleanD.clean,cleaning
Unit1()15.Isthere______Icandoforyou?A.somethingB.anythingC.everythingD.nothing()16.Mywatchisnothere.Maybe______tookit.A.somebodyB.anybodyC.everybodyD.nobody
()17.Thereisn’tintoday’snewspaper.A.somethingnewB.newsomethingC.anythingnewD.newanything()18.IfIhave_______,Icando__________..A.enoughtime,enoughwellBenoughtime,wellenoughC.timeenough,enoughwellD.timeenough,goodenough
()19.Everyoneinmyclass__________thepoorboywithoutparents.A.wanttohelpB.wanthelpingC.wantstohelpD.wantshelping()20.Ifelt_____________whenIheardthe__________news.A.exciting;excitedB.excited;excitingC.exciting;excitingD.excited;excited
()21.Thereis__________junkfoodhere,anditis__________terrible.A.toomuch,toomuchB.muchtoo,muchtooC.toomuch,muchtooD.muchtoo,muchtoo()22.Whendidyou_________homeyesterday?A.reachtoB.getC.arriveatD.arrivein
()23.Hehadtoretire(退休)early_____poorhealth.A,asaresultB.becauseC.soD.becauseof()24._________itrainedheavy,_________wewentonvisiting.Though,butB.But,thoughC.Though,\D.Because,\
()25.---Whynot________forhelpwhenyouwereintrouble?---Nexttime,Iwill.A.youaskB.askC.askingD.toask
Unit2()26.—_________doyougotoschoolbybike?—Onlyfourtimesaweek.A.HowmanytimesB.HowoftenC.HowlongD.Howsoon()27.—____doyouwatchTVeveryweek?—Lessthantwohours.Ioftenhavemuchhomeworktodo.A.HowmanyB.HowmuchC.HowlongD.Howoften()28.—________isitfromyourhome?—10minutesbybus.A.HowfarB.HowlongC.HowoftenD.Howsoon
()29.DidyoufindtheanswerthequestionaboutTVveryinteresting?A.to,watchingB,of,watchingC.to,watchedD.of,watched()30.“85%ofthestudentsinourclasslikeEnglish.”means“_____studentsinourclasslikeEnglish.”A.AllB.MostC.FewD.No
()31.Tomstudies_______.He_______playswithhisfriends.hard;hardB.hardly;hardlyC.Hard;hardlyD.hardly;hard()32.—Ican’tfindmyCDs.—_______youputtheminthatbag.A.MustB.MaybeC.MaybeD.May
Unit3()33.JayChou’smusicsounds________.Ilikeitverymuch.A.niceB.wellC.badD.quickly()34.WaltDisneymade87cartoons,hebecame.A.successful,successfulB.successfully,successfullyC.successful,successfullyD.successfully,successful
()35、Ithinkmathisas_________asmusic.A.interestingB.moreinterestingmostinterestingD.themostinteresting()36、IthinkEnglishis________thanPE.A.muchimportantB.importantC.muchmoreimportantD.moremuchimportant()37.TheairinBeijingisgettingmuch_____nowthanafewyearsago.cleanB.cleanerC.cleanestD.thecleanest
38.The________(much),the____________(good).()39、Linliis_______inherclass.A.theyoungerB.youngerC.youngestD.theyoungest
40.-Whichis__________,thesun,themoonortheearth?--Ofcourse,themoonis.A.smallB.smallerC.smallestD.thesmallest41.Whichis_____,abicycleoracomputer?A.expensiveB.moreexpensiveC.themostexpensive
42.TheYellowRiverisoneof______riversinChina.AlongBlongerCthelongest43.Sheisthesecond_______studentinourclass.A.tallB.tallerC.tallest()44.Lily’sbooksarenewthan.A.weB.usC.ourD.ours
()45.____ofthetwonewbooksareinteresting.A.AllB.BothC.AnyD.Either()46._________youdon’tgiveup(放弃),yourdreamswillcometrue.A.AslongasB.AssoonasC.AswellasD.Asoftenas
()47.Readingaloudisthebestway__English.A.tolearnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns()48.Heisdifferent_________hisbrother,butheissimilar_________hisfather.A.from,fromB.to,toC.from,toD.to,from
Unit5()49.ThatmagazineeveryMonday.A.comesoutB.comesupC.comesoverD.comestrue()50.Thanks__________me!A.fortellB.totellC.totellingD.fortelling
()51.Ican’tstand_________thenoisymusic,lethimit.A.hearing,stopB.tohear,stopC.hearing,tostopD.tohear,tostop()52.—Wouldmind_________MickeyMouse?—No,Ienjoy_________it.A.watching,watchingB.towatch,towatchC.watching,towatchD.towatch,watching
()53、Ourmathteacherwasillyesterday,soMr.Litook_______place.A.heB.himC.he’sD.his
()54.Sallywassocarefulthatshemade____mistakesintheexam.A.afewB.alittleC.fewD.little55.—Isshegoingtobeactor?—Yes.Sheistakinglessonsonweekendsnow.A.a,actorB.an,actorC.an,actingD.a,action
56.—WhereisLinda?—Shemaybeathome.ButI’mnotsure___it.A.atB.aboutC.withD.in57.Thisisanimportantproblem.Please.A.writeitdownB.writedownitC.writeitinD.writeinit
()58.—Whathappenedyouyesterday?—Ihappenedmeetmyoldfriend,Lucy.A.to,toB.with,toC.to,withD.with,with()59.Theyaretryingwhatisgoingonaroundtheworld.lookforB.tolookforC.tofindoutD.findout
()60.,hemade87cartoonswithMickey.A.In1930sB.Inthe1930’sC.Inthe1930D.Onthe1930s
()61.IsawtwoanapplewhenIcameby.A.mice,eatingB.mouses,eatingC.mice,ateD.mouses,ate()62.Weshouldeatmanyfruits______applesandoranges.A.forexampleB.suchasC.soasD.suchlike
()63.SheistalentedmusicbutIamgoodsports.A.in,atB.at,inC.at,atD.in,in()64.Taraandhersisterquietandtheysports.A.areboth,bothlikeB.areboth,likebothC.bothare,bothlikeD.bothare,likeboth
()65.—Ifeeltiredandsleepy.—Whynotstop____forawhile?A.restB.torestC.restingD.rested
用所给单词的适当形式填空。1.Didyoudecide___________________(visit)yourgrandparents?2.Therearemany____________________(different)betweenthem.3.Ican’tstand_________________(hear)thebadnews.4.LucyandLilyarethe________________(win)ofthetalentshow.5.Thisshirtisn’tas_______________(good)asthatone.6.Heisthe________________________(bad)studentinhisclass.
7.What_________(happen)iftheydon’tagreewitheachother?8.Ireallyenjoyed____________________(walk)aroundtown.9.Itisgoodtorelaxby___________________(use)internet.10.Didyouhavefun__________________(play)attheparty?11.There(be)someexcitingnewsintoday’snewspaper.12.Heis(funny)thantheotherstudentsinhisclass.
13.Didyouhavefun(learn)something?14.Nellypracticed(dance)alotmorethanLisa.15.Hismotheroftenmakeshim(clean)hisroomonweekends.16.It’snecessaryforus(learn)Englishwell.17.I’m(good)atphysicsthanmysister.18.1.Mikegoestoseehisgrandparents_________(one)aweek.
19.Hedidn’tgotoschool.Hecould________(hard)readorwrite.20.It’sagoodhabittobrushyour(tooth)everyday.21.Didyouhaveagreattime(talk)ingroups?22.Lucyusually_______toschoolearly.Buttodayshe________toschoollate.(go)23.Look!Yourpetdogis(die).24.Howabout(go)shoppingonSundays?25.HeusuallystudyEnglishby(read)itinthemorning.
句型转换1.Studyhard,andyou'llpasstheEnglishexam.(同义句)____________studyhard,______passtheEnglishexam2.Wearjeans,andwewon'tletyouin.=___________wearjeans,wewon'tletyouin.
3.Wewalkedforanothertwohours.(同义句)Wewalkedfor________________________hours.4.Igotodancethreetimesaweek.(对划线部分提问)_______________________doyougotodance?
5.Sheistallerthananyotherstudentinherclass.(同义句)Sheis________________________studentinherclass.6.Whatdoyouthinkofthemovie?(同义句)___________________________________themovie?
7.Ialwayseatjunkfood.(改为完全否定句)I________eatjunkfood.8.Igotothemoviestwiceamonth.(对划线部分提问)_______________________yougotothemovies?9.Everynighthesleepstenhours.(对划线部分提问)__________________________he________everynight?10.TheSmithsaregoingtoNewYorkonMay10.(对划线部分提问)_______and_________aretheSmithsgoing?
11.Theresolutionissohardthathecan’tkeepit.(写出同义句)Theresolutionishardforhimkeep12.Maryiseighteenyearsold.(同义句)Maryis_________________________girl.
13.Ihopetofindoutwhat’shappeningaroundtheworld.(同义句)Ihopetofindoutwhat’s___________aroundtheworld.14.Theymaynotbeveryexcited.(同义句)theyveryexcited.15.Doyouwanttowatchthenews?(同义句)youtowatchthenews?
15.Ilikesinging.Mysisterlikessinging,too.(合并为一个句子)MysisterandIsinging.16.Sueistwelveyearsold.Ginaisfourteenyearsold.(合并一个句子)SueisGina.GinaisSue.Sueisn’tGina.Ginaisn’tSue.
17.Ithinkheisgoodatplayingsoccer.(改为否定句)Ihegoodatplayingsoccer.18.Johnenjoysswimming.Peterenjoysswimming,too.(合并为一句)JohnPeterswimming.19.Jimistwelveyearsold.Timistwelveyearsold,too.(合并为一句)JimisTim.20.Huangleiisn’tgoodattennisasLarry.(同义句)LarryisHuangLei.
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