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动词不定式 动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。 常见的形式如表所示（以及物动词do为例），不及物动词没有被动语态。 时态\\语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing / 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing / 7.1 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。 1) 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。例如： afford aim agree arrange ask decide bother care choose demand desire determine elect endeavor hope fail help learn long 渴望 mean manage offer plan pretend refuse tend undertake expect hate intend 例如： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。 2）有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如： ask choose expect help beg intend like/love need prefer prepare want wish 例如： I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3） 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如： decide know consider forget learn remember show, wonder find out tell inquire explain 例如： Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can\'t make up my mind which to buy. 有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 7.2 不定式作补语 1） 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如： advise allow cause challenge command compel drive 驱使 enable encourage forbid force impel induce instruct invite like/love order permit make let have want get warn persuade request send tell train urge 例如； Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。 注意：有些动词如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做宾补，也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。 2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如： consider find believe think declare（声称） appoint guess fancy（设想） guess judge imagine know 例如： We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。（to be 不能省去） 典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选C。 3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如： believe expect intend like love mean prefer want wish understand 例如： We didn\'t expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。 You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。 7.3 不定式作主语 不定式作主语，往往用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。 例如：It\'s so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 It\'s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。 It\'s very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。 但是，用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型。另外，这样的句子，不能用动名词作表语。例如： （对）To teach is to learn. （错）It is to learn to teach. （错）To teach is learning. （错）Teaching is to learn. 典型例题 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于\"形容词+动词不定式\"结构的末尾。 7.4 It\'s for sb.和 It\'s of sb. 这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。 1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如： It\'s very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如： It\'s very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。 用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法： 用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。例如： You are nice. （通顺，所以应用of）。 He is hard. （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。） 7.5 不定式作表语 不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。 His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。 7.6 不定式作定语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如： I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。 There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。 7.7 不定式作状语 1）目的状语 常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do, so as to do, so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）。例如： He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。 I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。 He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。 3） 表原因 I\'m glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。 She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。 4）表示理由和条件 He must be a fool to say so. You will do well to speak more carefully. 7.8 用作介词的to to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to 都用作介词： admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to开始 look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to 7.9 省去to 的动词不定式 1） 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后。 2） 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。 注意：被动语态中不能省去to。例如： I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。 =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night. 3） would rather，had better句型后 4） Why… / why no…句型后 5） help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth： 6） but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。 比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。 7） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去： 8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如： He is supposed （to be） nice. 他应该是个好人。 典型例题 1） ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。 2） Paul doesn\'t have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。 7.10 动词不定式的否定式 在不定式标志to前加上not。例如： Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。 典型例题 1）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never. 2） The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语，因此也B，D不对。 7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to… 1）too…to 太…以至于…。例如： He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗? ---- Well, I\'m afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢。 2） 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为\"不太\"。例如： It\'s never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。（谚语） 3） 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。例如： I\'m only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。 7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to 1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。例如： Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2）表示结果。例如： Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。 7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not \"Why not +动词原形\"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：\"为什么不……?\" \"干吗不……?\"。例如： Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假? 7.14 不定式的时态和语态 1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。 I hope to see you again. = I hope that I\'ll see you again. 我希望再见到你。 2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如： I\'m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。 3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如： He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。 4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如： She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。 7.15 动名词与不定式 1）动名词与不定式的区别： 动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。 3）有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。常见的，下一节有专门讨论。 8.特殊词精讲 8.1 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing 停止做某事。例如： They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。 I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。 典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择\"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事\"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。 8.2 forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事，forget doing 忘记做过某事。例如： The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作） He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作） 典型例题 ---- The light in the office is still on. ---- Oh，I forgot___. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。 8.3 remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事，remember doing 记得做过某事。例如： Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Don\'t you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 8.4 regret doing/to do regret to do 对将要做的事遗憾，regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如： I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。 I don\'t regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。 典型例题 ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---Well, now I regret ___ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。 8.5 cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事，cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如： That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。 8.6 try doing/to do try to do 努力，企图做某事，try doing 试验，试着做某事。例如： You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didn\'t succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。 8.7 go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing 继续做原来做的事。例如： After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习 8.8 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为\"怕\"，be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为\"生怕，恐怕\"。例如： She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。 She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 8.9 be interested doing/to do interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如： I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解） I\'m interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? （一种想法） 8.10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想，mean doing 意味着。例如： I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。 8.11 begin（start） doing/to do begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth. 1） 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如： How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？ 2） begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如： I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。 3） 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如： I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。 4） 事物作主语时。例如： The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了 8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如： I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调\"我看见了\"这个事实） I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调\"我见他正干活\"这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 典型例题 1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。 2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。 9. 分词 分词既有动词的特征，由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词do 和不及物动词go为例）： do go 主动 被动 现在分词 doing being done going 过去分词 / done gone 完成式 having done having been done / 9.1 分词作定语 不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如： We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人 There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里 This is the question given. 这是所给的问题 There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西 分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists. 典型例题 1） The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written 答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which was written 2）What\'s the language ____ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What\'s the language （which is） spoken in German? 9.2 分词作状语 分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如： Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。 As I didn\'t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better. 典型例题 1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army. 2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。 3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat 答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，… 注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如： Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。 9.3 连词+分词（短语） 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如： While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. 等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting 和saw 的主语相同） 9.4 分词作补语 通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如： I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。 \'ll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。 9.5 分词作表语 表示主语的状态等。例如： She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。 He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。 9.6 分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： generally speaking 一般说来 talking of （speaking of） 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从…判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来 例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs 的动作） 9.7 分词的时态 1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如： Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。 典型例题 The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。 2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如： While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。 分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。 Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。 =As he had finished his homework, he went out. 典型例题 ___ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again. 9.8 分词的语态 1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。例如： He is the man giving you the money. （= who gave you…）他就是给你钱的那个人。 He is the man stopped by the car. （= who was stopped by…）他就是那个被车拦住的人。 2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生，如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。 例如： a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人 a much-traveled may 一个去过许多地方的人 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴 10．独立主格 10.1 独立主格 独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词； 名词（代词）+形容词； 名词（代词）+副词； 名词（代词）+不定式； 名词（代词） +介词短语构成。 独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 例如： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 10.2 with的复合结构作独立主格 表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如： He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。 典型例题 The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D. 注意: 1） 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。 2） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。例如： He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。 典型例题： Weather___, we\'ll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为\'天气允许\'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we\'ll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。 11. 动词的时态 11.1 一般现在时的用法 1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don\'t want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 11.2 一般过去时的用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？ 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。 3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth \"到……时间了\" \"该……了\"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. \"时间已迟了\" \"早该……了\" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示\'宁愿某人做某事\'。例如：I\'d rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着） Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去） 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2）情态动词 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？ 11.3 used to / be used to used to + do：\"过去常常\"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或\"习惯于\"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It\'s 69568442. A. didn\'t B. couldn\'t C. don\'t D. can\'t 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 11.4 一般将来时 1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？ 2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？ b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。 3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you\'d better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排） I\'m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排） 11.7 一般现在时表将来 1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。 2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3）在时间或条件句中。例如： When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。 I\'ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。 4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。 11.8 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如： I\'m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？ 11.9 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。 11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了） Who hasn\'t handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争） He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续） He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续） 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 11.11 用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time （that） I\'ve heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that I\'ve （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题 （1） ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 （2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it\'s the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I haven\'t received his letter for almost a month. 11.12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。） 注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 11.13 since的四种用法 1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。 2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 3） since +从句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。 4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。 11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词 1） 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如： He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果） I\'ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历） 2） 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示\"做……直到……\" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示\"到……，才……\"。例如： He didn\'t come back until ten o\'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o\'clock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1. You don\'t need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。 2. ---I\'m sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。 11.15 过去完成时 1） 概念：表示过去的过去 ----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在 2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。 b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。 c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示\"原本…，未能…\"。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn\'t. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。 3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如： He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. \"把书忘在办公室\"发生在\"去取书\"这一过去的动作之前，因此\"忘了书\"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在\"同学们正忙于……\"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。 注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如： I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。 had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。 11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时 1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如： When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。 2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如： When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 11.17 将来完成时 1） 构成will have done 2） 概念 a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。 b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如： You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。 11.18 现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法： a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。 b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。） c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 It\'s getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如： You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。 典型例题 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. A. has lost, don\'t find B. is missing, don\'t find C. has lost, haven\'t found D. is missing, haven\'t found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 11.19 不用进行时的动词 1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。 4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如： You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。 11.20 过去进行时 1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。 3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。 典型例题 1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，\"玛丽在做衣服时\"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为\"当……之时\"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 \"在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。\"句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。 11.21 将来进行时 1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如： She\'ll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。 I\'ll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。 注意：将来进行时不用于表示\"意志\"，不能说 I\'ll be having a talk with her. 2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I\'ll be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。 11.22 一般现在时代替一般将来时 When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 典型例题 （1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment. A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeeded C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed. 答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。 （2） 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。例如： The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。（实际上每天如此。） 11.23 一般现在时代替一般过去时 1 ） \"书上说\"，\"报纸上说\"等。例如： The newspaper says that it\'s going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如： Napoleon\'s army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了。 11.24 一般现在时代替现在完成时 1） 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如： I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。 I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。 2） 用句型 \" It is … since…\"代替\"It has been … since …\"。例如： It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。 11.25 一般现在时代替现在进行时。 在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如： There goes the bell. 铃响了。 11.26 现在进行时代替将来时 1） 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如： Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗? We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。 2） 渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如： He is dying. 他要死了。 11.27 时态一致 1） 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如： At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时，人们不知道地球是动的。 He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。 2） 宾语从句中的，助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如： He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。 11.28 时态与时间状语 时态 时间状语 一般现在时 every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday等 一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等 一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等 现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等 过去完成时 before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等 过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等 将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
11.29 时态、语态练习 1.“I don’t like to travel. ”“Have you ever _____ in an airplane?” a. flying b. flew c. flowed d. flown 2.The center of gravity of the human body ______ behind his joint. a. located b. locating c. to locate d. is located 3.“Today is very cold, isn’t it?” “Yes, the river is _____ over.” a. freezed b. freeze c. frozen d. freezing 4.“What happened in that new area?” “New houses ______ recently over there.” a. are built b. build c. have built d. have been built 5.“When did you go to work?” “As soon as they came, we ______ to work.” a. went b. were going c. had gone d. go 6.“Did you wait for him very long?” “Yes, I ______ to bed until five in the morning.” a.did go b. didn’t go c. had gone d. went 7.Perhaps it will be a long time ______ from abroad.
1 D 19 A 37 D 55 C 73 D 91 A 2 D 20 B 38 C 56 D 74 B 92 D 3 C 21 D 39 C 57 D 75 A 93 C 4 D 22 C 40 A 58 D 76 C 94 D 5 A 23 B 41 C 59 B 77 B 95 D 6 B 24 A 42 C 60 B 78 C 96 D 7 C 25 D 43 B 61 A 79 D 97 C 8 D 26 D 44 A 62 B 80 C 98 B 9 A 27 C 45 C 63 D 81 A 99 B 10 C 28 A 46 A 64 C 82 A 100 A 11 D 29 C 47 C 65 A 83 D 101 12 A 30 A 48 D 66 C 84 A 102 13 C 31 D 49 B 67 B 85 A 103 14 B 32 B 50 A 68 A 86 A 104 15 C 33 C 51 D 69 C 87 D 105 16 B 34 D 52 B 70 C 88 D 106 17 A 35 D 53 D 71 A 89 D 107 18 C 36 A 54 D 72 C 90 B 108
a. when Tom comes back b. when Tom will come back c.before Tom comes back d. that Tom comes back 8.Tom ______ mathematics throughout his college life. a. bored b. bored with c. was bored d. was bored with 9.______ that dress when I first saw you at the station? a. Were you wearing b. Have you worn c. Did you wear d. do you wear 10.Mr Wu ______ to work by bus every day. a. has been traveling b. has traveled c. travels d. is traveling 11.Don’t disturb him. He ______ to the weather forecast. a. listens b. is being listened c. has listened d. is listening 12.My English teacher ______ my test. a.has not yet graded b. has not yet been graded c.is not yet to be graded d. is not yet graded 13.We ______ on it for many hours, but we have not yet reached any conclusion. a. are being worked b. are working c. have been working d. have been worked 14.Shanghai ______ on the Huangpu River. a. stand b. stands c. is being stand d. has stood 15.“Tell the students to stop shouting. We ______ our essays now.” a. write b. have been writing c. are writing d. have written 16.“______ your best? It’s not satisfactory. I’m afraid you will have to do it again.” a.Do you try b. Have you tried c. Are you trying d. Have you been trying 17.Chinese married couple _____ red packets to children and the unmarried during the Chinese new Year. a. give b. have been giving c. are giving d. have given 18.My uncle, Sam,______ manager of the firm. a. has just made b. is just being made c. has just been made d. is just made 19.This is the first time the students ______ to Hyde Park. a. have gone b. have been gone c. have been going d. are being gone 20.She ______ her mother’s work since she was admitted into hospital. a. is doing b. has been doing c. has done d. has been done 21.I ______ the incident as if it were yesterday. a. am still to remember b. have still been remembering c. am being still remembered d. still remember 22.I ______ swimming in the river and I always _____ to swim when I can. a.am liking/have gone b. am being liked/am going c.like/go d. have liked/have been going 23.We have sometimes accidents on this line, but no accidents ______ since last winter. a. occur b. have occurred c. have been occurring d. are occurring 24.He _____ on this essay for twenty minutes but he _____ only a hundred words. a.has been working/has written b. is working/writes b.has worked/has been writing d. works/is writing 25.Elections _______ every four years and Congress meets once a year. a. are taken place b. are to be taken place c. took place d. take place 26.______ careless, or you will make mistakes. a.Be not b. Not be c. Don’t d. Don’t be 27.The No.8 bus ______ to Chengdu college of Geology, and not to Sichuan University. a.are gone b. is being gone c. goes d. are going 28.Oil, exported from Iran to Europe, _____ by tankers. a.used to be transported/have been built up b.used to being transported/have built up c.was used to be transported/had been built up d.was used to being transported/will be built up 29.If it ______,the match will be postponed. a.has been rained b. does rain c. rains d. is rained 30.As soon as I ______ the tools, I shall begin with the work. a.have b. am having c. have been having d. have been had 31.Once you ______ the knack of it, you will have no further difficulty. a. shall have b. had had c. are having d. have 32.Every time he ______ me, he is rude to me. a. will see b. sees c. is seeing d. is seen 33.John told Mary that he ______ what he was doing during the vacation. a. was just asked b. was just asking c. had just been asked d. had just asked 34.Now that you _______ , what are you going to do? a. are bing returned b. have been returning c. have been returned d. have returned 35.I started my teaching career at the school. That was more than twenty years ago, and I ______ there ever since. a. was b. had been c. will be d. have been 36.Everything on the earth ______ all the time. a. is changing b. is changed c. has changed d. has been changed 37.We ______ fine weather for the past few days. a. have b. are having c. have been had d. have been having 38.It ______ every day so far this month. a. is raining b. rains c. has rained d. has been rained 39.no one can prove that the earth ______ not round. a. is being b. is to be c. is d. has been 40.“There she ______!We needn’t wait any longer.” a.comes b. has been come c. has been coming d. is to come 41.The little girl ______ by the drug-pusher to carry drugs into the country. a.was made use b. was made used c. was made use of d. was made used of 42.I shall tell you what he ______ at three o’clock yesterday afternoon. a.had done b. would do c. was doing d. had been done 43.By the end of last year they ______ 1,000 machines. a. turned out b. had turned out c. would turn out d. had been turned out 44.He was sixty-eight. In two years he ______ seventy. a. would be b. was c. had been d. was being 45.How long ago ______ playing football? a. had you stopped b. would you stop c. did you stop d. were you stopping 46.Up till then we ______ half the distance. a. had only covered b. covered c. would only cover d. would be only covered 47.While I ______ television, the door bell ______. a.watched/would ring b. would watch/had rung b.was watching/rang d. had been watched/was ringing 48.They ______ with us for the time being. a. would stay b. will stay c. have been staying d. will be staying 49.I never dreamed I ______ here discussing state affairs with the other deputies. a. will be sitting b. would be sitting c. will have been sitting d. would have been sitting 50.John told us that by the end of the year they ______ together for thirty years. a. would have been living b. would have lived c. would have been lived d. will have been living 51.The new type of machine ______ the year after next. a.is going to turn out b. is going to being turned out b.is going to have turned out d. is going to be turned out 52.Large sums of money ______ each year in painting the steelwork of bridges, ships, and other exposed structures. a. have spent b. have to be spent c. have to spend d. spend 53.The police ______ in what the informer reported. a. interested b. had interested c. were interesting d. were interested 54.A candidate for the post ______ at the moment. a. is interviewing b. being interviewing c. interviewing d. is being interviewed 55.By the end of last year the railway ______. a.was being completed b. would be completed b.had been completed d. had completed 56.I______ to visit their country before long. a.have been invited b. am being invited c. had been invited d. shall be invited 57.Theory ______ with practice. a. must be combining b. must combine c. must have been combined d. must be combined 58.He said such a thing ______ to happen. a.ought to be not allowed b. ought not to be allowing b.ought not to have allowed d. ought not to be allowed 59.She told me that her proposal ______. a.needed to take into consideration b. needed to be taken into consideration c.needed to be taking into consideration d. needed to have taken into consideration 60.The school authorities and the teachers ______ over the advantages of the demerit system. a.were always argued b. were always arguing b.had always had argued d. had always been argued 61.He fulfilled the plan earlier than he ______. a. had expected b. expecting c. should expect d. would expect 62.______ when the bell rang. a.Hardly would he reach school b. Hardly had he reached school c.Hardly he reached school d. Hardly he was reaching school 63.We were determined not to do it unless Julie ______ it, too. a. had done b. was doing c. was done d. did 64.They were sure they ______ final victory. a. were won b. would be won c. would win d. had been won 65.When ______ to give us an answer? a. will you be able b. will you have been able c. will you able d. will you have abled 66.We ______ on the project by the end of next week. a.shall have finished to work b. shall finish to work c.shall have finished working d. shall finish working 67.He ______ for six years by the time he takes his examination. a.shall have finished to work b. shall finish to work b.shall have finished working d. shall finish working 68.I promise you that I ______ you a present next week. a. will give b. will have given c. shall give d. shall have given 69.I hope that she ______ to the demands of the naughty boys. a.will not have agreed b. will not be agreed c. will not agree d. will not have been agreed 70.In the long run your money ______ in bonds. a.was more safely invested b. is more safely invested b.will be more safely invested d. are more safely invested 71.Mr.Wilson asked me if these islands ______ to Japan. a. belong b. are belonging c. are belonged d. have been belonged 72.Before the end of the nineties, air pollution ______ a serious problem that endangers the health of the human race. a. will be become b. will become c. will have become d. will have been become 73.The train ______ at eight tonight. a. will be started b. will have started c. shall be started d. starts 74.We ______ an English evening tonight. a. are being having b. are having c. will be had d. shall be had 75.They ______ for Beijing for practice. a. are leaving b. are being left c. will have left d. will be left 76._____ me or aren’t you? a. Will you help b. Shall you help c. Are you going to help d. Will you have helped 77.A new power station ______ there. a. will be going to build b. is going to be built c. will be gone to build d. is gone to be built 78.______ a meeting this afternoon. a.There going to be b. There will be going to be b.There is going to be d. There will going to be 79.We ______ a new experiment this afternoon. a.shall be to perform b. will be to perform c. are to be performed d. are to perform 80.The government _____ to approve the use of widespread surveillance when the Justice Department took objections. a. is going b. had been c. was about d. is coming 81.You ought to _____ a test in physics the day before, I think. a. have taken b. take c. be taken d. be taking 82.Kepler proved that the sun ______ the center of the solar system. a. is b. was c. had been d. would be 83.This is one of the best novels that ______ this year. a. appears b. is appearing c. has appeared d. have appeared 84.My friend ______ here last week, but he couldn’t. a. was to have come b. must have come c. came d. had to come 85.He did not arrive until the meeting was nearly over, for the simple reason is that he _____ asleep while watching television. a. had fallen b. has fallen c. fell d. was falling 86.We had hardly sat down when she ______ plates of food for us. a. brought b. has brought c. had brought d. was bringing 87.A friend of mine returned to his house after a holiday ,only to find it ______. a. be broken into b. was broken into c. had broken into d. had been broken into 88.“What were you doing when Anna phoned you?” “I had just finished my work and ______ to take a bath.” a.starting b. to start c. have started d. was starting 89.“Have you gone to see the doctor?” “No, but ______.” a. I go b. I am going to see c. I go to see d. I’m going to 90.Each time you look at an object, you ______ a picture. a. took b. are taking c. take d. have taken 91.Water pipes ______ rusty after a period of use. a. become b. is becoming c. are become d. were become 92.This foreign scientist ______ in our college for fifteen years and does not want to leave. a. worked b. is working c. works d. has been working 93.______ to have dinner with us tonight? a. Will you like b. Do you like c. Wouldn’t you like d. Won’t you like 94.What I was uncertain about ______ whether they could overcome the difficulties. a. is b. will be c. had been d. was 95.“Certainly,______ him about something else in any case, so it won’t be any bother.” a. I’ll see b. I see c. I can see d. I’ll be seeing 96.By the time the course ends,______ a lot about Britain. a. we’ll learnt b. we are learning c. we have learnt d. we’ll have learnt 97.All the machines ______ by the end of the following week. a. were repaired b. would be repaired c. will have been repaired d. were being repair 98.He will come to call one you the moment he ______ his work. a. will finish b. finishes c. had finished d. finished 99.I don’t think she’ll be upset, but I’ll see her in case ________. a. she’ll b. she is c. she does d. she would 100.“I wish that your sister would come to visit me.” “Well, I’ll tell her when I ______ her.” a. see b. saw c. well see d. would see
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