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Unit18 New Zealand一、课文背景知识“新西兰人分别来自许多不同的文化背景，同时以热情和友善而享誉国际，美丽的田园、清洁的环境、健康的生活方式以及多元文化社区使新西兰成为来自世界各地移民的理想国家。”这既是广告词，更是新西兰的真实写照。1997年，在一项对全球高级管理人员进行的调查中，新西兰的奥克兰市在最喜欢居住的城市中名列第二；一项由全球最大的人力资源公司william M. Mercer 进行的全球生活素质最佳城市的研究报告中指出，新西兰的奥克兰市的生活素质排名全球第五，与悉尼、日内瓦、哥本哈根等齐名；另外，由加拿大 Fraser Institute 研究所、美国和新加坡并列为全球最自由的经济体，而新西兰则紧随其后，名列第二，第三到第十位分别是：美国、英国、爱尔兰、加拿大、澳大利亚、荷兰、卢森堡及瑞士。新西兰很接近国际日界线，北岛的岛屿和镇，是全球、最先迎接新一天来到的地方。新西兰是南太平洋上一个景色如画的岛国，形状很象一只倒悬的长筒高根皮靴，距澳大利亚1600公里，新西兰主要由北岛和南岛组成，库克海峡将两岛分开，还有许多较小的岛屿，陆地总面积为270，500平方公里，面积大小与日本及英国相仿，但人口密度远低于后者。由于新西兰的大部分出口产品是农产品，人们通常认为新西兰是一个农业国家，实际上新西兰是一个高度城市化的国家，百分之八十五的人口生活在城镇里，大多数人就业在工业、商业或服务业。新西兰拥有着许多令人激动的自然景观，从冰川到雨林，从峡湾到温泉，从火山到峡谷，从南阿尔卑斯山动人的景观到岛屿湾美丽的海岸线，更让人惊奇的是，将近三分之一的新西兰国土是国家公园或自然保护区，新西兰被誉为世界上最后一处“天堂”。关于历史，波利尼夕亚定居者约在公元十世纪最先来到新西兰（毛利过名为“长白云之乡）。到公元十二世纪，全国受青睐的地区已分布了许多定居点：1642年，荷兰航海家阿贝尔.塔斯曼发现了长白云之乡，并以荷兰一个地区的名字命名这块土地为，他绘制了部分西海岸的区的地图，但并未在此登陆；1769年，英国海军舰长詹姆斯.库克及船员成为首先踏足新西兰土地的欧洲人，随后，捕捞海报和鲸鱼的人们也来到这里，新西兰的国家标志是不会飞的土生“几维鸟”，有时“几维”被用作新西兰的同义语。新西兰最大的非欧洲人社团是本地的毛利人——新西兰最早的定居者和开拓者，毛利人是1000多年以前最早在新西兰定居的人，他们又叫做“塔加塔.胡奴阿”，即“大地之民”，欧洲人大约在1769年以后移居到此，毛利人的文化、艺术和传统是新西兰遗产中的重要部分。新西兰的教育体制被视为世界上最好的教育体制之一，他们通过学校、大学、技工学院和其他教育机构提供高质量教育，新西兰的教育体系源于英国的传统教育体制，全国实行同意的教育体系，教育经费开支占政府开支第三位。二、疑难详解1. It is made up of two large islands: North Island and South Island.这个国家是由两座大岛组成的；北岛和男岛。[问]be made up of 和be made of (from)有何区别？[答]be made up of 意为“由……组成”，表示由若干部分组成一个新的整体，be made of/from 意为“由……制成”，如：Could are made up of water. 云是水构成的。Desk are made of wood. 课桌是木制的。be made into 意为“被制成……”如：Some plants can be made into paper. 有些植物可以被制成纸张。2. New Zealand is surrouded by the Pacific Ocean to the north and east , and the Tasman Sea to the south and west. 新西兰以北和以东由太平洋环绕，南面和西面是塔斯马海，[问]表示方位的介词常用的有哪些？[答]介词to，to，in常用来表示地理方位，注意学会和掌握她们的用法。a. A地位于B地境内以东（南、西、北）：A lies/is in the east /south /west/north of B.Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部。（在中国境内）b. A地位于B地境内以东（南、西、北）： A lies /is in the east /south /west/north of B.Britain is to the east of Ireland . 不列颠位于爱尔兰的东面，（不在同一境内）c. A地与B地的东（南、西、北）部接壤：A lies/is on the east/south /west /north of B.Wales lies to the west of England. 威尔士位于英格兰的西边。（两者相邻）另外， lie on 还可表示“位于……之畔”。如：Wuhan lies on the Changjiang River. 武汉坐落在长江之畔。3. Other important cities are Auckland in the north ,Christ-church on the South Island and Queenstown, further in the south. 其他重要城市有北方的奥克兰， 南岛的克赖斯特彻奇和远在南方的昆士城。[问]句中的further作何理解？它与farther有何区别？[答]further在此用作副词，修饰介词短语 in the south, 表示“远在南方，深入南方内地”， 又如：Can you walk further into the forest? 你能再往森林深处走走吗？farther 和further都是far 的比较级，可用作形容词或副词，都可以指空间或时间上的距离，意为”更远的（地）”， 但farther比further更普遍些，如：On the farther/further side of the street there was a large shop在街道的那一头有一家商店。further还可以用于抽象意义，表示“进一步”，这时不能用farther, 如：They want to get further information. 他们想得到进一步的信息。4. The North Island is famous for an area of hot springs, some of which throw hot water high into the air.北岛以温泉而著称，有些温泉将热水喷射到很高的空中。[问]句中的some of which 是什么结构？[答]some of which 是“代词（或名词）+介词 + 关系代词”在句中引导非限制性定语从句。当先行词为人时，关系嗲次用whom， 当先行词为物时， 关系代词用which，注意介词后不能用that。又如：Here are a lot of stones, must of which will be used to build a bridge. 这儿有许多石头，其中多数将用来建桥。There are about 100 teachers in our school, many of whom are women. 我们学校约有100名教师，其中许多是妇女。5. Some of these heat near the earth's surface is used to make electricity. 接近地球表面的有些热能被用来发电。[问]be used to do sth. 和be used to doing sth 有什么区别？[答]be used to do sth 意为“……被用来做某事”， 其中to do sth. 是动词不定式作目的状语，如：This piece of wood is used to keep rain water. 这块木版是用来挡雨水的。Grass can be used to make paper. 草可以用来造纸。 而be used to doing sth. 是“习惯于……”的意思，其中to 是介词，后接名词或动词ing形式，它是个表示状态的词组，若要表示由不习惯到习惯这一变化的动作，则换为get/become used to。这个结构可用于各种时态。例如：Soon you will get/become used to living in the countrey. 很快你就会习惯于乡村生活了。I was not used to being called a lazy fellow. 我原来不习惯于人家称我为懒汉。另外还要注意：在used to do sth 结构中， used to 是情态动词，表示过去常常做某事，侧重于和现在对照，意思是“过去常常……（但现在不）”，可以谈动作，也可以谈状态。例如：They used to mod to each other when they met. 他们过去遇到时，总是彼此点点头。因此，不要将实义动词use与used to 及be used to 混淆。试比较：Coal is used to cook food. 煤用来生火做饭。 （实义动词，不定式为目的状语）She is used to cooking food with coal. 她习惯于用煤生火做饭。She used to cook food with coal. 她过去总是用煤生火做饭。6. When they discovered it about 1000 years ago, they called it Ao-tea-roa, which means "land of the long white cloud". 大约1000 年前他们发现这里时， 他们称这里为Ao-tea-roa, 意思 “长白山之乡”。[问]还有哪些动词像call一样后接名词或形容词做宾补？[答]由“宾语+名词（作宾补）”这种结构一般是用在及物动词后面，常见的有：make, call, elet, consider, choose, name等，例如：We elected Alice our monitor. 我们推选爱丽丝当班长。She named her daughter Mary. 她给女儿取名为玛丽。They called the baby Helen after their beloved teacher. 他们以他们敬爱的老师的名字海伦为他们的婴儿命名。They called that an honor to their collective. 他们认为那是他们集体的光荣。More than 125 years later, Canptain James Cook took possession of the island in 1769and from that time British people started to settle i nNew Zealand. 125多年以后，詹姆斯库克船长于1769年占领了这些岛屿，从此英国人开始在新西兰定居。[问]take possession of 是什么意思？[答]take possession of 意为“夺取，占有”等。例如：At night they crossed the river and took possession of the village by surprise. 他们晚上渡河，突然夺取了那个村子。The old couple took possession of the house about 20 years ago. 那对老年夫妻大约在20年前就拥有了那所房子。By 1840 about 2000 Europeans, mainly British, had come to settle in New Zealand and the Maori signed an agreement with these settlers.到1840年，大约有2000欧洲人，主要是英国人，来到新西兰定居，毛利人与这些定居者签订了一个协定。[问]此句中的介词by是什么意思？[答]by 在此表示“到（某时）为止”或“到某时”已发生某事或出现某种情况，谓语动词多用完成时态。句中的1840是过去时间，因此谓语动词用过去完成时had come, 又如：By the end of last year we had produced 3000 computers. 到去年年底为止我们已生产出3000台电脑。She had finished her work by the time I came home. 我回家时他已干完活了。By next week we will have made a plan for our journey. 下周前我们会订出旅行计划。9. Since the mid-1980s growing numbers of Asians have settled in New Zealand, and they make up about 6% of the total population. 自从80年代中期以来，定居在新西兰的亚洲人数不断增加，他们占新西兰总人口的6%。[问]怎么理解growing numbers? 句中的make up 是何意？[答]growing numbers 意为“不断增加的（人口）数量”，-ing作定语常表示正在进行的动词或正在变化的过程，又如：a moving car 行驶的汽车；developing countries 发展中国家； a running machine 运转的机器。句中的make up 意为“组成、构成”， 与make搭配的短语还有：make up for 补偿，弥补；make up to接近，巴结；追求（某人）；make up of 由……组成；make out of 用……制造出……，理解，了解；make known 使知晓；传达，等。10. The happier events are marked with speeches, singing and dancing. 比较欢乐的活动则常有演讲、载歌载舞等活动。[问]be marked with 是何意思？[答]be marked with意为“标有……的记号”，如：The paper was marked with my father's name and with the month and the year.试卷上标有我父亲的名字及年月时间。Please mark the place on the map. 请在地图上标明位置。[辨析]mark... with...意为“用……在……做记号”， mark sth. on =make a mark on sth. 意为“在……上做记号”。He marked his dictionary with number. 他在词典上标上了序号。Who made these dirty marks on my new shirt? 是谁把我的新衬衫弄脏了？11. Many people will sleep and eat on the marae during these three days and share their memorites of the dead person. 这三天里许多人吃、睡都在麦利会堂，共同悼念亡人。[问]句中的动词share怎么理解？[答]share在此作及物动词，意为“分享、分担、共同具有”等，例如；True friends must share everything. 好朋友必须分享一切。Three boys shared a big cake. 三个孩子分吃了一个大面包。The brothers shared the same tastes and interests. 兄弟俩有着相同的爱好和兴趣。He shared his story with us.他给我们讲述了他的经历。12. New Zealand is an important agricultural country, with cattle farming on the North Island, while the hilly South Island has more sheep farms. 新西兰是个重要的农业国，北岛有牛场，而多山的南岛则有更多的羊场。[问]"with + 复合宾语”的构成及其在句中的作用是什么？[答]“with +宾语”之后可接介词、名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、-ing形式或过去分词等作宾补，一起构成复合宾语，例如：There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.这儿有一排排白色的房子，房前长着树木。He left home with his wife a hopeless soul. 他舍家而去，撇下了绝望的妻子。She always sleeps with the window open. 她总是开着窗户睡觉。He was working there with only a shirt on. 他只穿着一件衬衣在那里干活。With all this work to do, I don't know if I'll have time to go out.有这么多工作要做，我不知道我是否哟时间出去。With so many people working, what is the family income?这么多人干活，全家有多少收入呢？He stood for an instant with hsi hand still raised.他仍然举着手站了一会儿。"with+复合宾语”在句中主要作状语，表示原因、条件、方式、伴随状况等，同时还可用作定语，相当于一个定语从句。如：With the food run out, the man had to come out of his hiding place. 东西吃完了，那人不得不走出躲藏处。（状语）The old man sat in his chair, with a pipe in his hand. 那的老人坐在椅子上，手里拿着一个烟斗。（状语）She saw a brook with red fowersand green grass on both sides. 她看到了一条小溪，两岸长着红花绿草。（定语）A little boy wiht two of his front teeth missing ran into the dining room. 一个缺了两颗门牙的小男孩跑进了餐厅。（定语）13. Some farmers have turned to keeping deer, and there are now about 4500 deer farms in the country. 有些农场主已转而养鹿了， 这个国家现有大约4500个养鹿场。[问]此句中turn to 作何理解？[答]短语动词turn to 意为“转到”、“把……转向”， 需要注意是是to为介词，后接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式，如：Our talk soon turn to the development of industry. 我们的谈话很快就转到工业的发展上来了。Soon after he became a doctor, he turned to teaching. 他当医生之后不久改行从事教学工作。There was no one in the dark atreets for him to turn to for help. 黑暗的街上没一个人他可以寻求帮助。与turn连用的短语还有许多，如：turn down减弱，降低，压低（力量、声音等） ；拒绝，不接受；turn in 把...上交（给）......，归还；turn on打开（煤气、自来水、电灯等）；turn up 出现，来临，露面；把声音开大；把力量加大；turn away把…打发走；转过脸去；turn out 结果；结果是；turn over翻转；考虑 ；turn back 转回去，往回走；turn against 背叛；等等。14. New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world. 新西兰的葡萄酒质量高，销往世界各地。[问]怎么理解of high quality 这类结构？[答]"of high quality"这类“of +(adj.) + n. "结构常用来描写人或事物的特征，在句中可以作表语（如本句），也可以作定语。例如：The work The work I am doing is of much importance. 我正在做的事是非常重要的。（作表语）Both of them are of middle height. 他们两个人都是中等个儿。（作表语）This is an example of great success. 这是一个成功的典范。 （作定语）I won't give you anything of little value. 不值钱的东西我就不给你了。（作定语）15. In summer, people like to go sailing, swimming, horse-riding, and rock-climbing in the mountains. 夏天，人们喜欢去航海、游泳、骑马和去山里攀登岩壁。[问]句中的go sailing 是什么结构？[答]go sailing 属于go + doing的结构，作“去干某事”解，多指从事与体育、娱乐有关的活动，如：go boating 去划船；go fishing 去钓鱼；go climbing 去登山；go swimming 去游泳；go shoping 去射击；go camping 去野营；go cycling 去骑车；go dancing 去跳舞；go hunting 去打猎；go shopping 去购物；go walking 去散步；go farming 去务农；go skating 去滑冰等。三、本单元高考热点归纳与拓展[概述]1.重点单词和词组：spring， heat，surface，mainly，take possession of，percent，make up，sign，agreement，refer to，wedding，conference，relaion，agriculture，cattle，export，go sailing seaside，region 等。2.重点语法：本单元的语法重点是学习的用法，先简要归纳如下：(1) it 不仅可以用来代替前面提到过的事物，也可用来指人，例如：I threw the ball to him and he caught it. 我把球传给他，他接住了。it 指人时，用于中性词，当不清楚对方的性别或指婴儿是，就用 it 来代替。(2) 在问题的答语中，用 it 来代替 this 或 that。如：——"What's this?" ——"It's a computer."——这是什么？——是一台电脑。(3) it 可作为无人称代词使用，表示时间、天气、距离、度量等。What a lovely day it is today! 今天天气真好！(4) it 可用作形式主语，代替用作主语的不定式、-ing 形式后 that 从句，将真正主语放于句后，如：It seems that he knows nothing about it. 他似乎对此一无所知。(5) it 可用作形式宾语，当宾语是不定式、-ing 形式或 that 从句，并且跟有宾补时，必须用，来充当形式宾语，真正的宾语后置。He found it difficult to work out this problem. 他发现很难算出这道题。(6) it 可用于强调结构中，与 that、who 配搭；被强调的部分无论是单数还是复述，句子的谓语都应用单数形式。如：It was we that (who) saw a new English film yesterday. 昨天是我们看了一场英语电影。[经典解析]例：1. The Parkers bought a new house but _____ will need a lot of work before they can move in. A. they B. it C. one D. which简析：本题考查 it 的替代用法。代词 it 用来替代可数名词 a new house，故答案为B。[高考透视]可用来替代前面提到过的同一事物，one 也可替代上文中出现过的单数可数名词，它既可指人，又可指物，但强调数量上的“一个”。例：2. With a lot of difficult problems _____, the newly elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. setting C. to settle D. being settled简析：本题考查“with+复合宾语”的用法。“由于有很多有待解决的难题……”，应用一个表示被动的过去分词作宾补，故答案为A。[高考透视]“ with+复合宾语”这一结构可在句中做状语或定语。作宾补用的过去分词强调宾语和宾补之间的被动关系，-ing 形式强调主动关系，不定式强调将来的动作，而形容词或副词、介词短语等表示宾语所处的状态。例：3. _____ production up by 60%, the company had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through简析：with 短语表示伴随，作状语。答案选C。例：4. The mother didn't know ______ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A. who B. when C. how D. what简析：本题考查“疑问次+动词不定式”在句中的用法。“妈妈不知道谁该受责备”，答案为A。[高考透视]动词不定式与 who, what, when, where, how, which 等连用，字句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、宾补等。例：5. —You haven't said a word about my new coat. Brenda. Do you like it? —I'm sorry I _____ anything about it sooner. I certainly think it's pretty on you. A. wasn't saying B. don't say C. won't say D. didn't say简析；本题考查动词的时态。“我当时没有说什么话”在此只是陈述过去的一件事实，并对过去的事情表示道歉，故用一般过去时。答案为D。[高考透视]近几年的高考试题在设计上都力求给考生一个完整的语言环境，考生必须对语言环境以及其内在连词把握得准确、透彻。四、生词详解1. surround surround[sE5raund]vi&vt.包围, 环绕，围绕The fence surrounds the school.篱笆环绕着学校。A wall surrounds the garden.一座墙围绕着花园。be surrounded with [by]被...环绕着, 周围都是...2. bay [bei]n.海湾例：In a small bay big waves will never build up .在小的港湾里,永远也不会形成大的波涛。[常用词组]at bay走头无路/keep at bay阻止；挡住/bay out(象海湾一样)伸展3. harbour[5hB:bE]n.(=harbor) 海港例：The child fled to the harbour of her father's arms. 那孩子逃到父亲怀里躲着。[常用词组]a natural harbour 天然港 /an open harbour 无遮蔽港口4. volcano[vCl5keinEu]n.火山例：He nursed this volcano of wrath in his breast. 他满腔怒火中烧，一触即发。dance on a volcano在火山上跳舞, 大难将至犹自取乐sit on a volcano坐在火山顶上, 处境危险active volcano活火山/dormant volcano休眠火山/extinct volcano死火山5. spring[spriN]n.春天, 跃起, 泉, 弹簧, 发条, 弹性, 弹力, 根源//v.跳, 跃, 跃出, 使跳跃, 使爆炸, 触发例：The spring has run down.钟表发条走完了。She sprang out of her chair to greet her father. 她从椅子上跳起来迎接她父亲。I have sprung my tennis racket. 我把我的网球拍子折断了。many new factories have sprung up in my home town. 我的家乡建了许多工厂。[常用词组]make a spring at sth.向某物扑去/have its spring in起源于.../make [take] a spring跳/spring forth [out]跳出, 冲出, 突出, 涌出, 喷出; 突然长出来/spring from突然从...冒出; 起源于, 出身于; 来自/spring off裂开/spring on [upon]扑向, 袭击, 突然提出/spring out跳出, 冲出; 突然冒出/spring over跳过/spring up跳上来, 发生, 萌芽, 生长, 出现/a hot spring 温泉/the springs of one's conduct 行为的动机6. heat [hi:t]n.热, 热度, 热烈, 高潮, 压力//vi.激昂, 发热, 发怒vt.把...加热, 使激动例：This will relieve the heat of the fever.这会减轻发烧的热度。Measure the heat of the water.测量一下水的温度。What is the heat of the water in the swimming pool?游泳池的水冷热如何?The heat from the fire dried their wet clothes.炉子的高温烘干了他们的湿衣服。We heated the soup on the cooker.我们在炉子上热汤。The room is heated by stove.这房间用火炉取暖。[常用词组]at a heat 一口气地, 一气呵成/at heat(母兽等)在交尾期at a white heat在盛怒之下; 在感情万分激动之下/give sb. the heat[美俚]开枪击毙某人/have a heat on[美俚]喝醉酒/in the heat of在最炎热的时候; 在(辨论等)最激烈的时候/in the heat of the moment在盛怒之下on heat (=in heat)[美](母兽)发情期/put the heat on sb.[美俚]逼使某人付款[干活]; 使某人为难; 对某人采取强硬措施; 要求某人拚命出力/turn the heat on对(某人)施加压力; 对...进行精神或肉体上的折磨; 加紧审讯而使招供; 激起热情; 拼命出力; 努力完成 /heat up 变得剧烈或强烈7. surface [5sE:fis]n.表面, 外表例：Glass has a smooth surface. 玻璃有光滑的表面。Look below the surface of things.透过表面观察事物。One never gets below the surface with him.人们无法看透他是怎样一个人。The submarine rose to the surface.潜艇升到水面上来了。[常用词组]below the surface深入, 实际上/come to the surface显露出来/look at the surface only只看外表/look below [beneath] the surface of things看到事物的里面[本质]/of the surface外观上的, 外表的/on the surface表面上, 外表上/scratch [skim] the surface of只接触表面, 不深入研究8. settle [5setl]vt.安放, 使定居, 安排, 解决, 决定, 整理, 支付, 使平静//vi.安家, 定居, 停留, 下陷, 沉淀, 决定, 澄清例：My son has settled happily in America.我儿子已在美国愉快地定居了。The Dutch settled in South Africa.荷兰人殖民南非。We are settled in our new home.我们住入新居。The insect settled on a leaf.一只昆虫落在一片树叶上。Wait until the excitement has settled down.等到兴奋的情绪镇静下来再说。We have settled who will pay for the meal.我们已经定了由谁来付饭钱。They settled the dispute among themselves.他们自己把这个争论解决了。Please settle your account immediately. 请立刻结清你的欠帐。[常用词组]settle one's affairs最后一次安排好自己的事/settle down安坐，使安坐,安居/settle up结账；清债9. settler[5setlE]n.移民者, 殖民者,定居者例：The first white settlers in South Africa were Dutch. 南非的第一批白人移民是荷兰人。10. mainly[5meInlI]adv.大体上, 主要地This school is mainly for boys; there are only a few girls in it.这所学校主要招收男孩，女孩极少。The main of their investments was lost in the war.他们的大部分投资在战争中损失了。[记忆技巧]比较记忆发：the main street主要大街/the main point of my argument我的辩论要点/the main pipe总管(道)/main body船身/main clause主句11. possession[pE5zeFEn]n.拥有, 占有, 所有, 着迷, 领土, 领地, 财产(常用复数)He had few possessions. 他的财产很少。The keys are in his possession.这些钥匙是他的。How did you get possession of it?你是怎样得到它的?He gave up possession of the house.他放弃了这房子的所有权。The information in my possession is strictly confidential.我掌握的情报是绝对机密的。[常用词组]in possession占有；持有，控制（某物）; /come into the possession of sb.(=come into sb.'s possession)被某人占有; 落入某人手中/come into possession of sth. 占有[获得]某物 get possession of拿到, 占有, 占领give possession 移交所有权, 使完全占有in possession of sth. 占有某物in one's [sb.'s] possession (=in the possession of sb.)(某物)为某人所占有[持有]take possession of 占有; 占领12. percent[pE5sent]n.百分比, 百分数//adv.每一百中有……的；以百分之……地例如：Sixty percent of the pupils are boys’ means that of every hundred pupils, sixty are boys. 百分之六十的学生是男孩”是指每100个学生中，有60个是男孩。I am 100 percent in agreement.我百分之百同意。She has invested a large percent of her salary.她把工资的大部分用以投资。13. sign[sain]n.标记, 符号, 记号, 征兆, 迹象, 征候//v.签名(于), 署名(于)～, 签署例: He made a sign for me to follow him.他向我示意跟着他（走）。The sign by the road said ‘No Parking'.路边的牌子上写着“禁止停车”。There are no signs of life about the house.这房子没有有人住的迹象。The countries concerned all agreed to sign the convention.有关各国都同意签署这项协定。Both parties have signed the contract!双方已经在合同上签字了。He signed me to be quiet.他做手势要我安静。[常用词组]a sign of the times 时尚；潮流/sigh up 在雇佣契约上签字（=sign on )/sign in 签到，把……的名字登记下来/sign off 结束写信/sigh over 签字移交/at the sign of当有...迹象时/make a sign to对...作暗号[打手势]/make no sign of没有动静[迹象]/show a sign of现出...的样子或形迹, 有...的征兆14. agreement[E5^ri:mEnt]n.同意, 一致, 协定, 协议例: They have made an agreement about the plan.他们在这个计划上意见一致了。His opinion is in agreement with mine. 他的意见和我的一致。[常用词组]arrive at an agreement达成协议; 取得一致意见/come to an agreement达成协议; 取得一致意见/reach an agreement达成协议; 取得一致意见/make an agreement达成协议; 取得一致意见/by agreement同意, 依约/conclude an agreement订约/enter into an agreement/订约/gentleman's agreement君子协定/in agreement with符合..., 照..., 同意, (和)...一致/make an agreement with与...达成协议15. refer[ri5fE:]vt.提交, 谈及, 归诸于, 指点把...提交, 使求助于//vi.提到, 涉及, 查阅, 咨询例: The new law does not refer to farm land. 新法律与耕地无关。The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers.商店把投诉转交给制造商。The invention of the compass is referred to China.指南针是中国发明的。The teacher referred him to Chapter V.老师叫他看第五章。The visitors are referred to the information desk.让来访者到问事处去。He referred his success to the good teaching he had had.他把他的成功归于他以前所受的良好教育。What I have to say refers to all of you.我要说的话涉及到你们大家。[常用词组]refer oneself to依赖, 求助于/refer to提到, 谈到, 涉及；参考, 查阅/refer to sb. [sth.] as称某人[物]为16. wedding[5wediN] n.婚礼, 婚宴, 结合, 结婚典礼I'm going to my brother's wedding tomorrow.我明天参加我兄弟的婚礼。After the wedding we'll be returning to Massachusetts, where we work and plan to live.婚礼以后,我们就回到马萨诸塞州去,因为我们在那里工作,并且打算在那里生活。It will be a large church wedding. 那将是一次大型的教堂式婚礼。[记忆技巧]联想记忆法：marriage n. 结婚，婚姻，婚姻生活[常用词组]diamond wedding钻石婚礼(结婚六十周年或七十五周年纪念)golden wedding金婚(结婚五十周年纪念)penny wedding[英]由亲友凑集资金及家用物品的婚礼shot-gun wedding[美]强迫婚姻silver wedding银婚(结婚二十五周年纪念)tin wedding锡婚(结婚十周年纪念)wooden wedding木婚(结婚五周年纪念)17. burial[5beriEl] n.埋葬例：Many men were buried underground when there was an accient at the mine. 矿上发生意外时，许多矿工被埋在地下。The house was half -buried under snow. 房子一半埋在雪中。He buried himself in his work. 他埋头工作。[记忆技巧]bury vt. 埋葬，掩埋，隐藏。18. conference[5kCnfErEns]n.会议, 讨论会, 协商会例：Mr. Smith is in conference with his advisers. 史密斯先生和他的顾问们协商。[常用词组]a doctor's conference医生的会议/be in conference正在开会讨论/call [convene, convoke] a conference召集会议/have a conference with和...协商［谈判］19. relation[ri5leiFEn]n.关系, 联系, 叙述, 故事, 亲戚例：Some of my relations, my mother's aunt and uncle, live in America.我有些亲戚，如我母亲的姑姑和叔叔，住在美国。[常用词组]have relations with和...有(某种)关系/have relation to有关;和...有关系/in [with] relation to关于...,就...而论/make relation to提及..., 读到.../relation by marriage姻亲, 裙带关系20. agricultural[7A^ri5kQltFErEl]adj.农业的, 农艺的例：Many European countries are developed industrial nations. 许多欧洲国家是发达的工业国。[记忆技巧]比较记忆法：industrial adj. 工业的，产业的，实业的，出事工业的； an industrial country 工业城市[常用词组]agricultural development农业的发展/agricultural products农作物, 农产品/agricultural policy农业政策/industry areas 工业区/industrial workers 产业工人21. cattle[5kAtl]n.牛, 家养牲畜(单复数同）The cattle are in the shed.牛在牛棚里。[常用词组]a hilly area 丘陵地带23. export[5ekspC:t]vt.输出/n.出口货, 输出, 出口, 出口商品v.出口This country export fruit.这个国家出口水果。The blood exports waste products from the tissues.血液把身体组织里的废物排出。China exports to many other countries regions.中国向许多其它国家和地区出口货物。Wool is one of the chief exports of Australia.羊毛是澳大利亚的主要出口物资之一。Many raw materials are exported to foreign countries.许多原材料输出到外国。[记忆技巧]比较记忆法：import 进出口（常用复数），进口，输入，重要性；vt. 输入，进口，引入24. sail[seil]v.航行(于)//vi.启航, 开船//n.帆, 篷, 航行例：His ship sails today.他的船今天航行。She sailed the boat without any help. 她在没有任何帮助的情况下驾船航行。How many days' sail is it from Dalian to Guangzhou?从大连到广州有几天的航程?The ship sails for Shanghai tomorrow. 这船明天开往上海。[记忆技巧]联想记忆法：sailboard n. 小型风帆船， 风帆划水板；sailboat 帆船；sailcloth n. 帆布；sailfish n. 旗鱼属的鱼；旗鱼； sailflying n. 滑翔飞行； ailplane n. 滑翔机[常用词组]under sail扬着帆, 在航行中/sail about逛来逛去/sail for乘船往..., (船)开往/sail in驶入港口/sail large顺风行驶/sail out开船/sail over跳过;【建】突出/sail round返航/a ship in Full sail一艘张满帆的船25. cottage[5kCtidV]n.村舍, 小别墅例：They live in a country cottage, with roses round the door. 他们住在乡村小舍里，门边长满了玫瑰。[常用词组]a thatched cottage一间茅草顶小屋/cottage pudding[美]乡下布丁/cottage hospital(无住院医生的)诊疗所， (乡下)小医院； 医院分院/cottage industry家庭手工业/cottage loaf大小两个叠合的面包26. seaside[5si:said]n.海滨(胜地), 滨海城镇, 海边//adj.海边的, 海滨的例：We are going to the seaside for our holiday. 我们打算去海滨度假。[常用词组]seaside dwellings海滨住所/seaside amusement parks.海滨娱乐城27. region[5ri:dVEn]n.区域, 地方, 地区, 领域例：Italy is divided into 20 regions. 意大利分为20个行政区。He is a well-known authority in the region of physics. 他是物理学界的一位知名权威。[常用词组]forest regions森林地带/the region of the heart心脏部位an autonomous region自治区/a desert region沙漠地带/the region of philosophy哲学领域三、易混易错词语辨析1。辨析 sign, mark 和 token:三者都含“标记”、征兆“的意思。sign 系常用词，指”具有一定含义的任何有形或无形的符号或标志，它的表示可以是实物、表情、动作、文字、语言及任何痕迹或征兆”，如：There is a stop sign at an intersection. 在交叉路口处有停车标志。mark 指“为某一目的有意作的标志”，也指“无意六下或自然形成的痕迹”，如：Suffering left its mark on his face. 苦难的经历在他脸上六下了痕迹。token 系较为庄重的用语，指“把某物当作某种性质、意义、感情或事件等的象征”，如：Black is a token of mourning. 黑色是居丧的象征。2. 辨析 go, depart 和 leave:三者都有“离开”的意思。go 与 come 相对，强调“走”的动作，如：He went there. 他去那里了。depart 属正式用语，尤指“进行某一特定的旅程”，含有“事先已对离开有所考虑或计划”之意，如：He departed from France.他离开法国了。leave 强调“从原来所在之处离开”，如：I can't leave while she is ill. 她生病期间，我不能离开。3. 辨析 region, area 和 district:region 主要有三个意义：1.“地区”，有时可与 area 通用。2. 较大的行政单位。3. “领域”，如：The Zhuang Autonomous Region was established in 1958. 壮族自治区是1958年成立的。area 主要有两个意义：1.“面积”，2.“地区”（指面积单位而不是行政单位）。例如：Large areas of forest have been destroyed in recent years. 近年来大面积的森林被破坏了。district 也有“地区”之意，性质与 region 的第一意相似，但 region 一般较 district 大，如：The busiest shopping district in Beiging is around Wangfujing Street. 北京最热闹的商业区是王府井一带。4. 辨析 relation 和 relative:这两个次在做“亲属”讲时可以通用，但一般用 relative 较多。例如：He is a relative (relation) of mine. 他是我的一个亲属。在指抽象意义的“亲属关系”时，应用 relatio，不可用 relative。例如：What relation is she to you? 她跟你是什么亲戚关系？在表示“外交关系”时用 relations。例如：We have established friendly relations with almost all the nations in the world. 我们和世界各国都建立了友好的关系。5. 辨析 make, shape, fashion, construct 和 manufacture:都含“做”、“造”、“做成或制造成某种东西”的意思。make 系常用词，指“任何生产、形成或组成”，如：This machine is made in China. 这台汲取是中国制造的。shape 指“由塑造、铸造、切割、敲打而形成”，如：The child shaped clay into balls. 那小孩把泥捏成球。fashion 指“用手、某些工具或原料做成具有一定形状的东西，但通常暗示发明者的才华”，如：The discovered that they could shear sheep, take the wool, weave it and fashion the material into coats and suits. 他们发现他们能够剪羊毛、纺绒线、织成毛料，然后把毛料做成暖和的衣服。construct 指“按设计把许多部分组成一个整体”，如：They constructed a big bridge. 他们建成了一座大桥。manufacture 指“用机器生产或制造”，尤指“使用机器大规模生产与制造”，如：We can manufacture high-precision machine tools.我们能造精密机床。
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