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2010年高考英语第二轮热点专题复习——名词和冠词
北大附中河南分校高三应届王萍
一、高考考查内容定位
名词在高考中占有重要地位，从2007年和2008年高考中可以看出，各省市试卷几乎都涉及到对名词的考查。涉及的内容主要有：抽象名词具体化、名词的可数与不可数问题、名词作定语、名词所有格、名词词义辨析以及常见名词的固定搭配等。冠词也是高考英语的常考点，主要考查考生对冠词的基本用法的理解和掌握情况，冠词包括定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词。此外，还涉及很多冠词与名词共同考查的问题。冠词与名词有三种表现形式：即定冠词与单数可数名词可表示类指；不定冠词与单数可数名词也可表示类指；零冠词与可数名词的复数表示类指。
二、高考考查内容揭密
（一）抽象名词的具体化与冠词
1.抽象名词具体或特定时，前面应有不定冠词。
（1）表示某种特性、状态、行为的具体表现，常用a/an+抽象名词；a/an+adj.+抽象名词的形式表示具体行为、一个方面。如：
A pity/pleasure/surprise/success/failure/shame/an honor等；
A bright future, a strong character, a great help, a length of one metre ,a waste of time,等。
（2）状态、思维行为的一次、一种、一类、一顿，常与have/take/get等词搭配。
如：take a look/have a sleep/have a …life/die a death/get a high opinion/make an apology/take a great interest等。
[经典考题]It is often said that ______teachers have _______very easy life. (2005·北京卷)
A. 不填；不填 B. 不填；a C. the；不填 D. the ；a
[解析] B 根据句意：（人们）常说老师过着简朴的生活。抽象名词life在此处明显被具体化了，因此，第二空与前后构成have a very easy life过着简朴的生活。第一空为名词的复数表示的类指。
（3）表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人和事等。
She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.
2.抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时，前面用不定冠词，使之具体化。如：
A happy life, a good education in that university, a wide knowledge of nature 等。
[注意]：抽象名词表示泛指时一般不与冠词连用。如：what fun, fine weather, common knowledge, foreign trade。但如受of 短语修饰或在上下文中给予限定特指时，则在名词前加the
[经典考题] If you grow up in _____large family ,you are more likely to develop_____ ability to get on well with______ others.(2005·江西卷)
A./;an ; the B. a ;the ; / C. the ;an ;the D. a ;the ;the
[解析] B 抽象名词ability被后置定语to get on well with _______others 修饰，故抽象名词ability须具体化表特指即在其前加the 。而下文的others 强调泛指。第一空其实也是泛指“一个大家庭”。
（二）冠词有无意义不同
有无冠词含义有别，这种现象常常是一些固定搭配，学习时可通过对比记忆。如：out of question 毫无疑问的/out of the question 不可能的；take place 发生/take the place(of) 代替；two of them 他们中的两个/the two of them 他们两个；by day 在白天/by the day 按天计算；on earth 究竟/on the earth 在地球上等。
[经典考题] This book tells_______ life story of John Smith, who left_______ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.(2005·辽宁卷)
A. the ;the B. a ;the C. the ;不填 D. a ;不填
[解析]C 考查定冠词的有无含义不同与特指的用法。第一空为特指，强调John Smith的生活故事。第二空仍考查leave the school与leave school的区别。前者强调离开后可能会再来，后者强调不再回来：与学校说再见。故根据句意leave school符合此题语境。
（三）名词的数和所有格
名词的数主要包括名词的可数或不可数、可数名词的单复数问题、名词的类指以及名词复数的使用。
1.可数名词的单复数
（1）可数名词复数形式的基本变化：
（2）不可数名词一般没有复数形式，若计量时，通常使用“数词或a/an/many+单位词+of +不可数名词”。如：There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to make three cups of tea.有两项工作给你做：去买一碗米饭，去沏三杯茶。
[经典考题]The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but is has ______all over the country.（2005·辽宁卷）A. companies B. branches C. organizations D. businesses
[解析]B 本题是一个多点考查题。既考查了名词复数形式的不同变化，又考查了名词的辨析。四个名词中branches有“分部、分店、支流”的意思，合句意。
2.名词所有格
名词所有格通常可分为三种：
(1).-’s型所有格，主要用于生物名词，也可用于表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命名词的所有格，如：today’s newspaper;如果已是复数形式结尾的名词，则在其后加“’”。
(2).of 短语型所有格，主要用于无生命名词的所属关系，有时表示逻辑上的主谓、动宾、或同位关系。
(3).of短语型与-’s型并用的双重所有格，即被修饰的名词前如有一个表示数量的词，如：a ,two, some, any, several, few, no, many, this, that, these, those等（常不能用the ）修饰时，可用“of+所有格（或名词性物主代词）”，如：This is a picture of his grandfather.这是他爷爷的一张照片。只表示他爷爷的一张照片，并非双重所有格而属of短语型所有格。再如：This is a picture of his grandfather’s(pictures).这是他爷爷照片中的一张。强调他爷爷照片中的其中一张，属双重所有格。
[经典考题]_______car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it .
A. Tom’s and Jim’s B. Tom’s and Jim C. Tom and Jim’s D. Tom and Jim
[解析]C 考查所有格。Tom’s and Jim’s即Tom’s car and Jim’s car则表明两人分别拥有的两辆车。故选Tom and Jin’s。
[经典考题] The railway station is _______from our school.
A. two hour’s drive B. two hours’ drive C. two hour drive D. two hours drive
[解析] B 考查复数形式的所有格。复数形式的所有格只在S后加’
（四）名词作定语
[经典考题]The ______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it. (2001·上海卷)
A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycle’ shop
[解析] B 考查名词作定语。在此bicycle是起修饰作用的名词，不表示所有关系而表示类别，且名词作定语须用单数形式，故bicycle shop正确。
(五)集合名词与谓语
1.某些集体名词，如：family, team, class, club, audience, committee, crowd, government, party, public, enemy, group, population, couple等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看，谓语动词用单数；如果作为一个个成员讲，谓语动词用复数。如：
His family has moved to a new flat.他一家已搬到新房了。
His whole family are watching TV now.他一家人正在看电视。
[经典考题]His family _______in Shanghai and his family _______all music-lovers.
A. live; is B. lives; is C. live; are D. lives; are
[解析]D 考查特殊类群体名词与谓语的关系。第一个His family强调群体，故谓语动词须用单数；第二个his family强调每个成员，故谓语动词须用复数。因此，正确选项为D。
2.某些集体名词，如：people, police, cattle等，只有复数形式，谓语动词须用复数。如：The police are searching for him.警察们正在搜寻他。
但people作民族讲时，用作单数。如：
The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。
[经典考题]Many cattle your father is raising now_______ kept on the farm.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
[解析]C 考查特殊类群体名词与谓语的关系。名中 is raising now已暗示该用一般现在时且作定语，修饰many cattle,而cattle看作复数概念的集体名词，谓语动词须用复数。
(六)名词近义词在语境中的辨析
名词近义词在语境中的辨析主要包括同义名词词义辨析、名词的固定搭配辨析。解决名词词义辨析的最有效方法就是平时多积累一些相关类的名词群，多理解琢磨它们之间的用法和区别，我与例句相结合去记忆和理解。
[经典考题]For the sake of her daughter’s health, she decided to move a warm_______.(2002·北京卷)
A. weather B. temperature C. season D. climate
[解析] D 名词词义辨析题。weather天气，；climate气候，
三：基础训练（共10小题， 5分钟完成）
1. Many people agree that ________ knowledge of English is a must in ________ international trade today
A. a; 不填 B. the; an C. the; the D. 不填; the
2. — Have you see ________ pen? I left it here this morning
— Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a
3. Paper money was in ________ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ________ thirteenth century
A. the; 不填 B. the; the C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填
4. Most animals have little connection with ________ animals of ________ different kind unless they kill them for food
A. the; a B. 不填; a C. the; the D. 不填; the
5. The warmth of _____ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ________ wool used
A. the; the B. the; 不填 C. 不填; the D. 不填; 不填
6. Jumping out of ________ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________ exciting experience .
A. 不填；the B. 不填；an C. an; an D. the; the
7. The sign reads “In case of ____fire，break the glass and push ___red button ”.
A. 不填；a B. 不填；the C. the；the D. a；a
8. When you come here for your holiday next time, don’t go to ________ hotel; I can find you ________ bed in my flat .
A. the; a B. the; 不填 C. a; the D. a; 不填
9. While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made ______ discovery which completely changed ______ man’s understanding of color .
A. a; 不填 B. a; the C. 不填; the D. the; a
10. _____ on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is _______ major concern of the country .
A. The; 不填 B. The; a C. An; the D. An; 不填
答案：1—5 ADCBB 5—10 CBAAB
2008年全国各地20套高考卷分类汇编
冠词﹑名词﹑数词
（湖南卷）22. Have you heard ______ news？The piece of _______ petrol is going up again! A. the, the B. 不填，the C. the, 不填 D. 不填，不填（江苏卷）21. We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent. A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填
（山东卷）21. Students should be encouraged to use ______ Internet as ______ resource. A. 不填；a B. 不填; the C. the; the D. the; a
（江西卷）30. --- I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting. --- It is not your fault. With __ rush-hour traffic and __ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late. A. a; a B. the; the C. /; / D. /; a
（辽宁卷）24. My neighbor asked me to go for ______ walk, but I don’t think I’ve got ______ energy. A. a; 不填 B. the; the C. 不填；the D. a; the
(全国II)8. It’s not ___ good idea to drive for four hours without ___ break. A. a ; a B. the ; a C. the ; the D. a ; the（陕西卷）10. I ate _________ sandwich while I was waiting for _________ 20:08 train. A. the, a B. the, the C. a, the D. a, a (四川卷)8. In the United States, there is always ____ flow of people to areas of ______ country where more jobs can be found. A. a; the B. the ; a C. the; the D. a; a
（浙江卷）2. ______ apple fell from the tree and hit him on ______ head. A. An; the B. The; the C. An; 不填 D. The; 不填
（重庆卷）27. In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the;the（安徽卷）24. To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten, the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our ________” A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices
（福建卷）32. What’s the _____ of having a public open space where you can’t eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while? A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion
（江苏卷）25. —I can’t repair these until tomorrow, I’m afraid. —That’s OK, there’s ______. A. no problem B. no wonder C. no doubt D. no hurry
（江苏卷）28. —Why do you suggest we buy a new machine? —Because the old one has been damaged ______. A. beyond reach B. beyond repair C. beyond control D. beyond description（山东卷）34. I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real ______. A. exchange B. bargain C. trade D. business
（江西卷）27. ---Shall we go out for a walk? --- Sorry. This is not the right ____ to invite me. I am too tired to walk. A. moment B. situation C. place D. chance
（浙江卷）15. Dogs have a very good ______ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake. A. sense B. view C. means D. idea
（湖北卷）22. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly______ A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon
（天津卷）11. Most air pollution is caused by the burning of ____ like coal, gas and oil. A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products
答案：CBDBD AAAAC DADBB AAAA
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